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The bomb was initially designed to be used against Nazi Germany, largely because it was feared that Hitler was developing a nuclear weapon of his own (as indeed he was, although Nazi development of the H-Bomb was not as far advanced as the Allies believed). The original target was thus to have been Berlin, but the War in Europe ended without this becoming necessary. However, the Japanese fought on in the Far East, and it was known that they would not surrender without drastic action (in Japan, surrender to an enemy is considered to be a huge disgrace. Most Japanese soldiers preferred to die rather than surrender, and many committed suicide rather than face capture). The Pentagon estimated that a conventional invasion of Japan would cost over 1 million Allied servicemen's lives, and had a choice of this or the use of the newly-developed A-Bomb. They chose the latter option.

The previous answer is absolutely correct, tactically speaking. Technically speaking the first target of the atomic bomb was the desert of Alamogordo, New Mexico, the Trinity site. At 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time on 16 July 1945, the first atomic weapon was detonated atop a 100 foot tower. The site was declared a national landmark in 1975, and is now open for tours.

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