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The geography of Pennsylvania has not really changed since colonial days, although topography likely changed. Pennsylvania was mostly a wilderness of dense forests. PA still has forest areas, especially in rural areas or on PA State Game Lands. Waterways and Indian foot trails were the primary routes; foot trails often went along the edge of mountains, through forests, streams, rivers, etc.

In cities like Philadelphia, colonists laid stone roads. But, in over 3/4ths of the entire State, there were no cut roads at that date, not even dirt roads. Horse back or walking were the means of travel; few families had wagons.

While Philadelphia was settled early, the middle and western parts of the State were uninhabited except by native American Indians. The Allegheny mountains (part of the Appalachias) had been worn down over millions of years into low (rather than peaked) mountains; even so, the mountains in the middle of the State are high to climb and to descend. Many tops look out over rolling hills where a person can see for 25 miles or more, unless fog engulfs the mountains.

Until the late 1700s, the County of Bedford extended all the way from the mountains in the central part of PA, all the way to the Ohio border. But soon, other counties were carved out of Bedford County until Western PA was also settled by people coming south from NY state, west from eastern PA, and up from Virginia and Maryland.

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