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In Saxon England most families had some kind of small grindstones in their houses.

When the Normans invaded England in 1066 one of their first laws was to prevent people grinding their own cereal crops to make flour at home. This became illegal and people had to pay the local miller to grind the flour for them; the miller had to pay a yearly amount to the king (since the king owned all the mills).

This was a very simple method of controlling the huge English population - in the event of any uprising against the Norman overlords, they would simply close all the mills and the people would starve.

By the 12th century, various types of watermill were everywhere and everyone was used to paying the miller; it had become part of the lifestyle. Cistercian monks invented a system of fullering cloth using enormous wooden hammers driven entirely by watermills, which replaced the earlier method of treading the cloth with human feet. By the end of the 12th century windmills started to be introduced from Europe and these gradually took over from watermills, although some survived into the Victorian era.

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