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The birth of the Roman Empire is determined by the beginning of the reign of the first emperor, Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus, in 44 BC. It continues but changes dramatically through the reign of the Emperor Diocletian who divided the empire into the four sections of the Tetrachy in 293 AD. The Empire, although divided into four was typically thought of as the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. The Western Empire fell to Odoacer, a barbarian officer in the Roman Army, leader of the Sciri (an eastern Germanic tribe)and Heruli (a Germanic/Scandinavian tribe), and forced the abdication of Romulus Augustus on 4 September 476 AD at Ravenna. The Eastern (Byzantine) Empire continued until 29 May 1453 with the fall of Constantine XI in his final charge in the battle to defend Constantinople from Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks. With the death of Constantine XI, the Roman Empire ended.

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