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James VI. and I. was the great grand nephew of Henry VIII. of England and son of Mary Stuart of Scotland. He received the news of his heritage of the English throne from his personal servant during the night and had to rush to London immediately ("A horse, a horse, a kingdom for a horse"). He was forced to strict measures against the Catholics because of the Powder Plot of 1605. James tried to avoid conflicts and to unite England and Scotland by state legislation which was ahead of time. The Parliament did not obey to the foreign king but overthrew Chancellor Lord Bacon in 1621 and expanded its own rights. The friendly policy towards Spain made James unpopular.

To balance confessional controversy he arranged the marriage of his son Charles I. with Catholic Princess Henriette Marie of France and of his daughter Elisabeth with German Protestant Friedrich V. von der Pfalz.

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