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South American independence, primarily occurring in the early 19th century, was characterized by a series of revolutionary movements against Spanish colonial rule, heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas and successful revolutions in North America and France. Key figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín played pivotal roles in leading armies and uniting diverse regions. The struggle for independence was marked by social and political upheaval, as well as the challenge of creating stable governments in the aftermath of colonialism. Ultimately, the independence movements contributed to the emergence of distinct national identities across the continent.

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