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The programs of glasnost and perestroika were launched by Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in the mid-1980s. Glasnost, meaning "openness," aimed to increase transparency and freedom of expression in the government and society. Perestroika, meaning "restructuring," sought to reform the Soviet economy by introducing elements of market economics and reducing state control. These initiatives were intended to revitalize the Soviet system but ultimately contributed to its dissolution.

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