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In what historians have called the Crisis of the 3rd Century there was:

A) A period of military anarchy. There were constant invasions at distant points along the vast frontiers of the empire. The Roman army managed to repel them, but was overstretched and came under great stress. This created unrest among the legions. Many emperors of this period were men of humble origin who had risen through the ranks of the army were proclaimed by their troops. There was a rapid turnover of emperors. Many were murdered, sometimes even by their own troops. There were also 35 usurper emperors who tried to usurp the imperial title or take over parts of the empire. Two parts of the empire broke away for 14 and 13 years respectively. The emperor Aurelius ended these two splinter empires and restored the unity of the Roman Empire. He was given the title of "restitutor Orbis" (restorer of the World). He also defeated several of the invading peoples, thus easing the pressure of the frontiers of the empire.

B) Hyperinflation, which was caused by many years of debasement of the Roman coins.This means that the gold or sivler conternt of coins was decreased. This was mint more coins to meet public expenses and increasing and military expenses which came with increases in the size of the army and in the pay and bonuses to the military. However, this devalued the coins and caused inflation. Eventually the coins could have as little as 5 % of precious metal and come to have virtually no value. Coins minted by the usurper emperors made inflation worse as they increased the supply of coins even further.

Hyperinflation, combined with political instability and the disruption of war caused the economy of the empire, especially in the frontier areas to collapse. With worthless coins and with travelling being dangerous trade collapsed. Barter replaced monetary exchanges. Many people migrated from the towns to the countryside and were employed on the large landed estates. Eventually the problem of hyperinflation was resolved. However, the frontier areas never fully recovered.

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