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There is very little water in Southwest Asia. There are only four major rivers and the almost all of the land is arid or semi-arid. Given the high birthrates in Southwest Asia, these water sources are increasingly forced to be divided between more and more people.

In Mesopotamia, there are disputes over building dams on the Euphrates and Tigris River. Turkey wants to use the power of the rivers to create hydroelectric power, but the dams would limit the water-flow to countries further downstream like Syria and Iraq. Additionally, dams tend to prevent the flow of silt, dirt with key nutrients for plants, leading to a lower level of fertility in downstream water.

In Israel and Palestine, there are numerous contested water issues, such as Israel taking large amounts of water from the Sea of Galilee (a freshwater lake) and sending them to its southern desert cities. There are also claims that Israel is Plumbing aquifers in the Judean Highlands (which is a subsection of the West Bank), which should, according to Palestinians, be Palestinian Water.

On the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf, the lack of water is so great that desalination plants are required to supplement the minimal groundwater and the expense in creating these plants and running them makes these countries fiercely territorial over their waters.

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