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Territories in northern Italy and part of central Italy were lost soon after the Byzantines gained them by winning the Gothic Wars. These long wars left them exhausted and northern Italy was invaded by the Lombards, who then also took over parts of central Italy. The Byzantines held on to southern Italy and part of central Italy. Southern Spain had been taken from the Visigoths, who were the great power in Spain. The Visigoths retook it. They had the home advantage and the population of the Byzantine Empire had been decimated by the Plague of Justinian. The territory in Tunisia and western Libya were lost to the invasion by the Arabs, who went on to take the whole of North Africa.

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