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Julius Caesar was important to Roman history because he precipitated the crisis which led to the fall of the Roman Republic and the beginning of rule by emperors. He started the first of the six civil wars at the end of the Republic, defeating the forces of the senate. The then concentrated power in his hands. He ended the election of the officers of state and make them became his appointees (later they were appointees of emperors). He had himself appointed dictator for life. This was an extraordinary office of state appointed by senatorial decree in times of emergency. Its term was six months, whereas for Caesar it was for life. Thus, Caesar laid the foundations of the later rule by emperors. He was assassinated because of suspicions that he wanted to become a king, which was anathema to the culture of the Roman Republic. After his death there were more civil wars and power struggles which ended with a victory by Caesar's adopted son, who became the first Roman emperor under the name of Augustus.

Caesar was also the greatest military leader in Roman history and the conqueror of Gaul. He also radically reformed the Roman calendar, switching from a lunar system to a solar one. This is the calendar which, except for minor modifications introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in the 16th century, we still use today. Caesar also made reforms which addressed the plight of the poor.

The Republic fell under the weight of Imperialism. It had become dysfunctional with the growth of the empire. The central government lost control over the provinces whose governors acted quite independently from Rome. The professionalisation of the army had made the soldiers loyal to the commanders of their legions who could use them to obtain what they wanted through violence or the threat of violence. Tax collection in the provinces was carried out by private collectors who 'farmed' the taxes to line their pockets. Corruption went out of control. There was mass poverty. The senators were seen as being concerned with the interests of the aristocracy, rather than those of the poor and were unpopular among the middle and lower classes. Caesar wanted power for himself, but also to confront all these problems, create a viable state capable to deal with the empire, and make reforms in favour of the poor.

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