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During the period of the Roman Republic, Rome responded to emergencies by appointing a dictator who was an extraordinary officer of state. The word did not have the negative connotation it has now and did not imply despotism. The dictator was appointed by one of the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic) at times of emergency with a very specific mandate which was established by senatorial decree. His term of office was six months. Usually he was appointed to deal with a military emergency when there was a need for the army to be commanded by one man (normally the two annually elected consuls were both commanders of the army) or to be commanded by a man with better military leaderships skills. During the Second Punic War eight men were appointed for the purpose of holding the election of the next consuls (comitiorum habendorum causa) and one man was appointed for the purpose of enrolling new senators (Senatus legendi causa) when many of them died at the battle of Cannae. Prior to the Second Punic War a dictator had been appointed to hold the election of the consuls twelve times. One dictator was appointed to suppress a rebellion (Seditionis sedandae causa).
As an extraordinary officer of state, the dictator was not legally liable for his actions and had an absolute authority which went beyond that of the consuls who were ordinary officers of state and had legal liability for their actions. A dictator could overrule or depose and sentence to death other officers of state. He could rule by decree and change any law, but these lasted only for his term of office. He could also issue new laws without the popular assembly's vote, but these were usually put through a vote. He could punish without trial and was exempt from appeal. He could act without consulting the senate, but he usually did. This practice was stopped (with the exception of two instances in the second Punic war) after the wars in Italy because it was feared that a man with such great power would be dangerous if he was far from Rome. It was replaced by the Senatus consultum ultimum, a senatorial emergency decree that allowed the consuls to act as they saw fit and, at times, by re-electing the same consul when the emergency was protracted, as with Gaius Marius who was elected consul five consecutive times (105-100 BC) to deal with barbarian invasions.
The only exception to the rule that there could only one dictator was in 216 BC after the battle of Cannae during the Second Punic War. Marcus Fabius Buteo was appointed dictator with the mentioned senatus legendi causa mandate. He was appointed because he was the oldest surviving former censor (an officer of state who kept the roll of senators and enrolled new senators). He resigned as soon as he finished revising the roll and enlisting the new senators. The other dictator, Marcus Junius Pera, was appointed with the mandate to fight Hannibal's army and served the full six months of this office.
There were only two exceptions to the six month term of office. Sulla was appointed dictator (legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa, (for the making of laws and the settling of the constitution) at the end of his war against Marius (82 BC) with an unspecified term of office. He had thousands of his political opponents executed and resigned after one year. This gave the Dictatorship a bad name. In 53 BC, the senate, mindful of Sulla' precedent, appointed Pompey sole consul, instead of dictator, to deal with domestic unrest. This made him accountable for his actions at the end of his office. Julius Caesar was appointed dictator four times. The third time he was given a 10-year term and the fourth time he was appointed for life.
During the 482 years of the republic a dictator was appointed 88 times. In total 75 men were appointed dictators.
What else can I help you with?
The Roman government was led by two?
During the Republic, the Roman government was led by two counsuls.
What type of government did Rome have after the Etruscan king?
After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.
How was roman government different berfore the twelve tables?
The Law of the Twelve Tablets did not change the form of Roman government. It was compiled in 451 BC and 450 BC; That is, 58 and 59 years into the Roman Republic which lasted for 482 years (509 BC-27 BC)
What was the interruption of the Roman government through Palestine?
What you mean by interruption of the Roman government is unclear.
What was the type of government where power rest with the people during the roman empire?
Ancient Rome never had a type of government where power rested with the people. Such a type of government was found only in the Athenian Democracy.
Why did the roman government change during emergencies?
The Roman government changed during emergencies in order to get the crisis solved. Many times the consuls and the senate could not agree on a solution or a reaction to the emergency so they appointed a dictator who had full power to solve the problem.
How did Roman government change during emergencies?
The Senate appointed a Dictator for six months, supported by a Master of Horse, with full powers to either resolve an electoral failure or defence emergency.
Who is Roman Emperor during the Carthage war with the Romans?
There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.
Who were the two officials who directed Roman government?
The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.The two officials who directed the Roman government during the republic were the two consuls.
The Roman government was led by two?
During the Republic, the Roman government was led by two counsuls.
Why did the roman change their government?
Roman changed their government so everyone would have a decision in who they where deciding on the leader, or empire.
How was the roman empires government?
The Roman Empire started during the Roman Republic, that is under a republican government. The Republic was then replaced by the absolute rule by emperors.
What government was in power during Jesus life?
The Roman Empire was in power.
Who were consulus in the early roman government?
The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.The consuls in Roman government were the two elected officials who held the highest office. They were responsible for the government during their term of office. The individual years were named after them, such as, a person was born during the consulship of Caesar and Balbus.
What affected the roman government?
Religious change, territorial uprisings, and internal strife.
Why did the government lose money during the fall of the roman empire?
There is no record of the government losing money during the fall of the western part of the Roman empire (the eastern part of this empire continued to exist for 1,000 years).
What type of government did Rome have after the Etruscan king?
After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.After the kings, the Roman government was the republic.
