The Eastern Roman Empire is known as Byzantine Empire. However, this is a term which had been coined by historians. So are the term Eastern Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire. The Romans had only one term: Roman Empire.
Historians use the term Byzantine Empire to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire. The Romans did not use this term, they called it Roman Empire or Romania (this referred to this empire and not the country which was later called Romania).
The term Byzantine is derived from Byzantium, the Greek city which was redeveloped, turned into the imperial capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire and renamed Constantinople by emperor Constantine the Great in 330. It is used to indicate the fact that not long after the fall of the western part, this empire became centred on Greece and Greek in character after it lost most of its non-Greek territories. Greek replaced Latin as the official language of this empire in 620, some 150 years after the fall of the west
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The Eastern Roman empire was much stronger then the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire had more money and soldiers. It also lasted 1000 years longer then the western roman empire
The capital of the Roman Empire was Rome until 284. In that year the emperor Diocletian created a co-emperorship with himself in charge of the eastern part of the empire and Maximian in charge of the western part. He also designated also an imperial capital for the eastern part of the empire, which was Nicomedia (in northwestern Turkey), and an imperial capital for the western part, which was Milan (in northern Italy). The emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the eastern part to the nearby Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople (present day Istanbul). The capital of the western part was moved to Ravenna (also in northern Italy) in 402.
the ambition of the roman empire is to have ruled the known world, which they did until the barbarians (also known as the Goths), Destroyed them because they were betrayed by them.
After the death of his son the empire was divided between his (Louis, the sons of Charlemagne) three sons, as was common in his culture. De title of "holy Roman Emperor" was given to the most eastern part, today known as Germany. That is also the reason that Germany was known as "the Holy Roman Empire" until 1806. So it was his son who first divided his empire, but it existed until 1806.
Well, there were many. The most famous one is of course Rome, which was the capital until the fourth century, then for the whole fourth century Milan was the new capital, followed by Ravenna in 402 AD, and so on.