single mothers have sole custody even without a court order.
Custody arrangements by which it is in the best interest of the child without infringement of the mother or fathers rights.
Not without a custody award.
Not without his fathers and the courts permission.
If she has full custody, then yes.
Yes, a parent can obtain a passport for their child without the involvement of the other parent if they have sole legal custody or can provide evidence of extenuating circumstances.
No, not if your mother has sole physical custody. If there is a joint custody arrangement, you'd still need the cooperation of both parents to make it happen.
IF THE MOTHER HAS SOLE CUSTODY
You indicate they have "Contact", but what is the status of Custody? If the Father has visitation, partial or shared custody, legal& or physical....No, you cannot change the Surname of the child without the Fathers explicit consent!!
Provided there's not custody order in place.
That is dependent of custody orders, but even without, the other parent could file an injunction.
If you have any parental rights at all, I'm not sure that your ex can "leave" custody to someone else without your involvement. In any case, you need to talk to a lawyer.
If the father has legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has joint legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has sole legal custody, yes.If the father has legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has joint legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has sole legal custody, yes.If the father has legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has joint legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has sole legal custody, yes.If the father has legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has joint legal custody, no. Not without his consent. If she has sole legal custody, yes.