no
When which is used to introduce a nonrestrictive adjectivial clause it must it must follow a comma. But there are numerous examples where which does not need to follow a comma. Including: Which melon do you want? I can't tell which melon to buy.
It depends. Simply put, if:- the "including" modifies the word before it, then "No comma" (E.g., "Books including the new drawings in them... .")- the "including" lists parts/examples of the word before it, then "Yes, add a comma" (E.g., "Books, including booklets, dictionaries, directories, atlases, ... .")
You mean in a phrase like this? He's always been late for everything, including his own wedding. No. In this and similar constructions, you would put one before it. You would never put one after. The only time you would have one after it is if it were followed by a phrase that requires commas around it, like this: Remember to bring everything we need for the barbecue, including, of course, the meat. Here the phrase "of course" requires the commas. It just happens to follow "including," but "including" is not the reason for the comma.
may indicate that a sentence contains a comparison context clue.
No, you do not need to put a comma after "To begin with" when it is used as an introductory phrase in a sentence.
you do not have to put the comma there
When which is used to introduce a nonrestrictive adjectivial clause it must it must follow a comma. But there are numerous examples where which does not need to follow a comma. Including: Which melon do you want? I can't tell which melon to buy.
It depends. Simply put, if:- the "including" modifies the word before it, then "No comma" (E.g., "Books including the new drawings in them... .")- the "including" lists parts/examples of the word before it, then "Yes, add a comma" (E.g., "Books, including booklets, dictionaries, directories, atlases, ... .")
Only if it begins a new clause. We say I like everyone, including you. If there is no new clause, there should be no comma. We say This group is including you in its membership.
it needs a comma
Yes
Nope.
You mean in a phrase like this? He's always been late for everything, including his own wedding. No. In this and similar constructions, you would put one before it. You would never put one after. The only time you would have one after it is if it were followed by a phrase that requires commas around it, like this: Remember to bring everything we need for the barbecue, including, of course, the meat. Here the phrase "of course" requires the commas. It just happens to follow "including," but "including" is not the reason for the comma.
"In five years, things happened." Yes you do need a comma.
No. There is no word in English that always requires a comma before it.
Not necessarily. The comma indicates a pause in speech. Use a comma after "but" only to indicate a noticeable pause in speech. If there is no pause, there should be no comma.
No