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This from Encyclopedia Brittanica:

Standard languages

Standard languages arise when a certain dialect begins to be used in written form, normally throughout a broader area than that of the dialect itself. The ways in which this language is used-e.g., in administrative matters, literature, and economic life-lead to the minimization of linguistic variation. The social prestige attached to the speech of the richest, most powerful, and most highly educated members of a society transforms their language into a model for others; it also contributes to the elimination of deviating linguistic forms. Dictionaries and grammars help to stabilize linguistic norms, as do the activity of scholarly institutions and, sometimes, governmental intervention. The base dialect for a country's standard language is very often the original dialect of the capital and its environs-in France, Paris; in England, London; in Russia, Moscow. Or the base may be a strong economic and cultural centre-in Italy, Florence. Or the language may be a combination of several regional dialects, as are German and Polish.

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Annabell Hickle

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