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i. A full backup of the database, or dump of the database.
This is a complete backup of the entire database. Normally performed overnight or on weekends and usually requires that no users be connected to the database. This type of backup will take the longest time and require ample storage.
ii. A differential backup of the database.
The differential backup will back up only the data that has changed since the last full backup and that has not been backed up before. This type of backup can be done overnight (depending on the amount of data).
iii. A backup of the transaction log only.
backs up all the transaction log operations that are not reflected in a previous backup copy of the database.
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What are the two levels of air force risk management?
what are the two primary levels of air force risk management
What are the two primary levels of the the air force risk management?
real-time management is used:
What is the role of database management in information system?
Management and organizations facing constantly changing problems, diverse managerial styles, and ever present information needs offer a challenging context for developing computer based information systems. MIS uses computer technology to provide information and decision support to managers, helping them becomes more effective. Developments in the young computer industry are changing corporate management style. Computer technology, including DBMS's, is the motivating and enabling basis for the rapidly expanding field of MIS. A management information system is an integrated, user machine system for providing information to support operations, management, analysis, and decision making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software, manual procedures, models for analysis, planning, control and decision making and a data base. Managers at all levels use similar data. Operating managers require data which is timely, precise, detailed, internal and historical. Upper level managers need data which is aggregated, external as well as internal, future oriented as well as historical and covering a longer span time. An effective MIS cannot be built without viable data management tools. Such tools were not generally available previously. Moreover, most organizations did not effectively use DBMS technology until two decades before. An important key to a successful MIS is the effective management of an organization's data resources. Role of the Database in an Organization: An organization is traditionally viewed as a three level pyramid-operational activities at the bottom, management planning and control activities in the middle and strategic planning and policy making in top management. The corporate database contains data relating to the organization, its operations, its plan and its environment. State of Database Management In Organizations:The needs of organizations and management are changeable, diverse and often ill-defined, yet they must be met. Added to these are outside pressures from federal taxing authorities, federal securities agencies and legislators making privacy laws. Both internal and external forces demand that organizations exercise control over their data resources.Decisions and actions in the organization are based upon the image contained in the corporate database. Managerial decisions direct the actions at the operational level and produce plans and expectations which are formally captured and stored in the corporate database. Transactions record actual results of organizational activities and environmental changes and update the database to maintain a current image.People in the organization query the database for information to conduct the daily operations. Middle management receives reports comparing actual results to previously recorded plans and expectations. The corporate database provides data for modeling and forecasting which support top management needs. The corporate database supports all levels of an organization and is vital for operations, decision making and the management process. While management seeks to control data resources, computer applications grow. When a corporation achieves comprehensive support of its operations, for instance, computer applications begin to penetrate into higher management levels. With comprehensive database support of operations, an MIS can mature as a tool for planning, control and decision making. Earlier, in the development of an MIS, an organization must appoint a DBA to manage its data resources.While an organization's move toward the database approach can be hastened by the acquisition of a DBMS, the latter is not necessary. Most commercially available DBMS's fall substantially short of ideal capabilities, making their acquisition an interim measure - a move to help the organization learn how to operate in a managed data environment. In seeking DBMS capability, building one's own system is unrealistic except for large organizations with special needs, such as a very large database or large volumes of known transactions requiring rapid online response.Data is a vital resource in an organization and must be managed. The organizational database is an essential component in a management information system. Of the four components of a data processing system, attention to data has lagged behind the development of machines and programming technology. Taking a database approach requires an organization to focus on data as a valued resource. Data is separate from programs and application systems which use it. = Benefits of Database Management = Database management systems are programs that are written to store, update, and retrieve information from a database. There are many databases available in the market. The most popular are the Oracle and SQL Server. The Oracle database is from the Oracle Corporation and the SQL Server is from the Microsoft Corporation. There are freely available database like MySQL. These are open source databases. Database Management Systems are available for personal computers and for huge systems like mainframes. DB2 is a database from IBM for Mainframe systems. Management and organizations facing constantly changing problems, diverse managerial styles, and ever present information needs offer a challenging context for developing computer based information systems. MIS uses computer technology to provide information and decision support to managers, helping them becomes more effective. Developments in the young computer industry are changing corporate management style. Computer technology, including DBMS's, is the motivating and enabling basis for the rapidly expanding field of MIS. A management information system is an integrated, user machine system for providing information to support operations, management, analysis, and decision making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software, manual procedures, models for analysis, planning, control and decision making and a data base. Managers at all levels use similar data. Operating managers require data which is timely, precise, detailed, internal and historical. Upper level managers need data which is aggregated, external as well as internal, future oriented as well as historical and covering a longer span time. An effective MIS cannot be built without viable data management tools. Such tools were not generally available previously. Moreover, most organizations did not effectively use DBMS technology until two decades before. An important key to a successful MIS is the effective management of an organization's data resources. Role of the Database in an Organization: An organization is traditionally viewed as a three level pyramid-operational activities at the bottom, management planning and control activities in the middle and strategic planning and policy making in top management. The corporate database contains data relating to the organization, its operations, its plan and its environment. State ofDatabase Management In Organizations: The needs of organizations and management are changeable, diverse and often ill-defined, yet they must be met. Added to these are outside pressures from federal taxing authorities, federal securities agencies and legislators making privacy laws. Both internal and external forces demand that organizations exercise control over their data resources.Decisions and actions in the organization are based upon the image contained in the corporate database. Managerial decisions direct the actions at the operational level and produce plans and expectations which are formally captured and stored in the corporate database. Transactions record actual results of organizational activities and environmental changes and update the database to maintain a current image.People in the organization query the database for information to conduct the daily operations. Middle management receives reports comparing actual results to previously recorded plans and expectations. The corporate database provides data for modeling and forecasting which support top management needs. The corporate database supports all levels of an organization and is vital for operations, decision making and the management process. While management seeks to control data resources, computer applications grow. When a corporation achieves comprehensive support of its operations, for instance, computer applications begin to penetrate into higher management levels. With comprehensive database support of operations, an MIS can mature as a tool for planning, control and decision making. Earlier, in the development of an MIS, an organization must appoint a DBA to manage its data resources.While an organization's move toward the database approach can be hastened by the acquisition of a DBMS, the latter is not necessary. Most commercially available DBMS's fall substantially short of ideal capabilities, making their acquisition an interim measure - a move to help the organization learn how to operate in a managed data environment. In seeking DBMS capability, building one's own system is unrealistic except for large organizations with special needs, such as a very large database or large volumes of known transactions requiring rapid online response.Data is a vital resource in an organization and must be managed. The organizational database is an essential component in a management information system. Of the four components of a data processing system, attention to data has lagged behind the development of machines and programming technology. Taking a database approach requires an organization to focus on data as a valued resource. Data is separate from programs and application systems which use it. = Benefits of Database Management = Database management systems are programs that are written to store, update, and retrieve information from a database. There are many databases available in the market. The most popular are the Oracle and SQL Server. The Oracle database is from the Oracle Corporation and the SQL Server is from the Microsoft Corporation. There are freely available database like MySQL. These are open source databases. Database Management Systems are available for personal computers and for huge systems like mainframes. DB2 is a database from IBM for Mainframe systems. Management and organizations facing constantly changing problems, diverse managerial styles, and ever present information needs offer a challenging context for developing computer based information systems. MIS uses computer technology to provide information and decision support to managers, helping them becomes more effective. Developments in the young computer industry are changing corporate management style. Computer technology, including DBMS's, is the motivating and enabling basis for the rapidly expanding field of MIS. A management information system is an integrated, user machine system for providing information to support operations, management, analysis, and decision making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software, manual procedures, models for analysis, planning, control and decision making and a data base. Managers at all levels use similar data. Operating managers require data which is timely, precise, detailed, internal and historical. Upper level managers need data which is aggregated, external as well as internal, future oriented as well as historical and covering a longer span time. An effective MIS cannot be built without viable data management tools. Such tools were not generally available previously. Moreover, most organizations did not effectively use DBMS technology until two decades before. An important key to a successful MIS is the effective management of an organization's data resources. Role of the Database in an Organization: An organization is traditionally viewed as a three level pyramid-operational activities at the bottom, management planning and control activities in the middle and strategic planning and policy making in top management. The corporate database contains data relating to the organization, its operations, its plan and its environment. State ofDatabase Management In Organizations: The needs of organizations and management are changeable, diverse and often ill-defined, yet they must be met. Added to these are outside pressures from federal taxing authorities, federal securities agencies and legislators making privacy laws. Both internal and external forces demand that organizations exercise control over their data resources.Decisions and actions in the organization are based upon the image contained in the corporate database. Managerial decisions direct the actions at the operational level and produce plans and expectations which are formally captured and stored in the corporate database. Transactions record actual results of organizational activities and environmental changes and update the database to maintain a current image.People in the organization query the database for information to conduct the daily operations. Middle management receives reports comparing actual results to previously recorded plans and expectations. The corporate database provides data for modeling and forecasting which support top management needs. The corporate database supports all levels of an organization and is vital for operations, decision making and the management process. While management seeks to control data resources, computer applications grow. When a corporation achieves comprehensive support of its operations, for instance, computer applications begin to penetrate into higher management levels. With comprehensive database support of operations, an MIS can mature as a tool for planning, control and decision making. Earlier, in the development of an MIS, an organization must appoint a DBA to manage its data resources.While an organization's move toward the database approach can be hastened by the acquisition of a DBMS, the latter is not necessary. Most commercially available DBMS's fall substantially short of ideal capabilities, making their acquisition an interim measure - a move to help the organization learn how to operate in a managed data environment. In seeking DBMS capability, building one's own system is unrealistic except for large organizations with special needs, such as a very large database or large volumes of known transactions requiring rapid online response.Data is a vital resource in an organization and must be managed. The organizational database is an essential component in a management information system. Of the four components of a data processing system, attention to data has lagged behind the development of machines and programming technology. Taking a database approach requires an organization to focus on data as a valued resource. Data is separate from programs and application systems which use it. = Benefits of Database Management = Database management systems are programs that are written to store, update, and retrieve information from a database. There are many databases available in the market. The most popular are the Oracle and SQL Server. The Oracle database is from the Oracle Corporation and the SQL Server is from the Microsoft Corporation. There are freely available database like MySQL. These are open source databases. Database Management Systems are available for personal computers and for huge systems like mainframes. DB2 is a database from IBM for Mainframe systems. Adeel Murtaza Raja
What does flat management mean?
Flat management is an organization with zero or few levels of middle management between employees and the executive. Other names of flat management are delayering or horizontal organizations.
What are the three levels of management?
The three levels of management are the first level, which are supervisors or retail managers. The second level is mid-level managers and are intermediaries between lower-level managers and the highest level within the management. The upper level managers are the top executives in a company.
What measures can be taken to prevent the lost update problem in database management systems?
To prevent the lost update problem in database management systems, measures such as implementing locking mechanisms, using transactions with isolation levels, and employing version control techniques can be taken. These methods help ensure that multiple users accessing and updating the database do not overwrite each other's changes, thus preventing data loss.
What is the components of DBMS and how they relate to each other?
DBMS architecturespecifies its components (including descriptions of their functions) and their interfaces. DBMS architecture is distinct from database architecture. The following are major DBMS components:DBMS external interfaces- They are the means to communicate with the DBMS (both ways, to and from the DBMS) to perform all the operations needed for the DBMS. These can be operations on a database, or operations to operate and manage the DBMS. For example:- Direct database operations: defining data types, assigning security levels, updating data, querying the database, etc. - Operations related to DBMS operation and management: backup and restore, database recovery, security monitoring, database storage allocation and database layout configuration monitoring, performance monitoring and tuning, etc. An external interface can be either a user interface (e.g., typically for a database administrator), or an application programming interface (API) used for communication between an application program and the DBMS. Database language engines(or processors) - Most operations upon databases are performed through expression in Database languages (see above). Languages exist for data definition, data manipulation and queries (e.g., SQL), as well as for specifying various aspects of security, and more. Language expressions are fed into a DBMS through proper interfaces. A language engine processes the language expressions (by a compiler or language interpreter) to extract the intended database operations from the expression in a way that they can be executed by the DBMS.Query optimizer - Performs query optimization on every query to choose for it the most efficient query plan (a partial order (tree) of operations) to be executed to compute the query result.Database engine - Performs the received database operations on the database objects, typically at their higher-level representation.Storage engine - translates the operations to low-level operations on the storage bits. In some references the Storage engine is viewed as part of the database engine.Transactionengine - for correctness and reliability purposes most DBMS internal operations are performed encapsulated in transactions (see below). Transactions can also be specified externally to the DBMS to encapsulate a group of operations. The transaction engine tracks all the transactions and manages their execution according to the transaction rules (e.g., proper concurrency control, and proper commit or abort for each).DBMS management and operation component - Comprises many components that deal with all the DBMS management and operational aspects like performance monitoring and tuning, backup and restore, recovery from failure, security management and monitoring, database storage allocation and database storage layout monitoring, etc.Data definition subsystemhelps the user create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the file in a database.Data manipulation subsystem helps the user to add, change, and delete information in a database and query it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary interface between user and the information contained in a database. It allows the user to specify its logical information requirements.Application generation subsystem contains facilities to help users develop transaction-intensive applications. It usually requires that the user perform a detailed series of tasks to process a transaction. It facilitates easy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces.Data administration subsystem helps users manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control, and change management.
What is dba?
A DBA is a Database Administrator. It is the person who looks after the Database Management System. They may be part of the design team. They can look after who has access to the system and what levels of privilege. They will help people with any problems they are having. They may get the database to do more things and redesign it. They will maintain the database to make sure it works efficiently and it does not crash and no data is lost.
What are the four organizational levels in a typical company?
the four organizational levels in typical company are: Top Management, Middle Management, Lower Management,Operational Employees.
What are the different levels of management?
Many organizations have multiple levels of management but they are three(3) mostly used of management which is the top management, middle management, and first-line, or supervisory management and the top management mostly deals with the planning of the organization.
What are the two levels of air force risk management?
what are the two primary levels of air force risk management
List two general levels of turnaround time for data recovery?
While different data recovery companies have different service levels which they offer, one option is typically recovery within one business day. The standard option is typically recovery within 3 to 8 business days and variations within this range.
What is a database schema?
A database schema is described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). In a relational database, the schema defines the tables, the fields in each table, and the relationships between fields and tables. Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text database language, the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of the database structure Levels of database schema 1. Conceptual schema, a map of concepts and their relationships 2. Logical schema, a map of entities and their attributes and relations 3. Physical schema, a particular implementation of a logical schema 4. Schema object, Oracle database object 5. Schema is the over all structure of the database
What are different types of management?
Many organizations have multiple levels of management; top management, middle management, and first-line, or supervisory management.
How many levels of management did you interact with?
Many people interact with two levels of management. They talk to their direct supervisor and then they talk to their manager's supervisor.
What is definition of a database system architecture?
The generalized architecture of a database system is called the ANSI/SPARC model.many commercial systems and research database models fit within this framework.It can be divided into the following three levels : (a) External level or View level (b) Conceptual level (c) Internal level or Physical level By Lubna Khan
What are the two levels primary levels of the air force risk management?
strategic and tactical
