Hmmm. "How are things going with you and Judy?" "Great! We're in a wonderful fact." "The casual relationship is that terrorists bombed the World Trade Center." No, I'd say they are not synonymous.
Causal validity is also referred to as internal validity. It refers to how well experiments are done and what we can infer from those results.
The main disadvantage of cross-sectional studies is that they provide a snapshot of data at a single point in time, limiting the ability to establish causal relationships between variables. This design cannot determine the direction of relationships or changes over time, which can lead to misleading interpretations. Additionally, cross-sectional studies may be subject to confounding variables that can obscure true associations.
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The scientific investigation of the relationship between two or more variables is described as a correlational study or analysis. This approach aims to identify and measure the strength and direction of associations between variables, without manipulating them. Such studies can reveal patterns and potential causal relationships, but they do not establish causation. Understanding these relationships is essential for developing hypotheses and guiding further experimental research.
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a busy traffic signal
Please refine the question, your makeing no scence....
A causal story is an explanation of events or outcomes that emphasizes the relationships between different factors or variables, highlighting how one factor leads to the occurrence of another. It aims to narrate how specific causes result in particular effects or consequences. Causal stories help understand the mechanics and relationships behind phenomena and are commonly used in scientific research and analysis.
a scientific explanation of the total causal relationships of an assemblage of phenomena that are mutually coordinated but not subordinated at places.
The four types of causal relationships are deterministic, probabilistic, necessary, and sufficient. Deterministic relationships indicate that a cause will always lead to an effect. Probabilistic relationships suggest that a cause increases the likelihood of an effect happening. Necessary relationships mean that a cause must be present for an effect to occur. Sufficient relationships indicate that a cause alone can bring about an effect, but other factors may also contribute.
A causal variable is a factor that influences or directly leads to a change in another variable. It is a variable that is believed to be the cause of a particular outcome or result in a given situation. Understanding causal relationships between variables is important in fields such as statistics, social sciences, and experimental research.
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A causal study cannot aim to establish mere correlations or associations between variables without investigating the underlying mechanisms or relationships. It also cannot focus on descriptive analysis, which merely describes data without inferring cause-and-effect relationships. Finally, the purpose of a causal study is not to provide subjective interpretations or opinions, but rather to derive objective conclusions based on empirical evidence.
A causal inference may not be supported by known facts, but can often be correctly assumed.Right after I saw lightning outside, our electricity went out. (causal: lightning caused the outage)While it was raining very hard, I noticed the window was leaking water. (causal; rainwater found a break around the window)After mom's car hit the pothole, the tire blew. (causal: the sharp edge of the pothole caused the tire to blow)
Casual studies are study methods that test a hypothesis in a market situation to better understand cause and effect relationships.
Causal flaws in arguments occur when a cause-and-effect relationship is incorrectly assumed. Examples include mistaking correlation for causation, ignoring other possible causes, and oversimplifying complex relationships.
Characteristics of the Three Research DesignsResearch designGoalAdvantagesDisadvantagesDescriptiveTo create a snapshot of the current state of affairsProvides a relatively complete picture of what is occurring at a given time. Allows the development of questions for further study.Does not assess relationships among variables. May be unethical if participants do not know they are being observed.CorrelationalTo assess the relationships between and among two or more variablesAllows testing of expected relationships between and among variables and the making of predictions. Can assess these relationships in everyday life events.Cannot be used to draw inferences about the causal relationships between and among the variables.ExperimentalTo assess the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variableAllows drawing of conclusions about the causal relationships among variables.Cannot experimentally manipulate many important variables. May be expensive and time consuming.