the leading or lagging between the stress and strain is called hysteresis loop
Wherever there is stress there is strain. In the example you noted, if heated bar expands freely without one end constained it changes its strain without stress; that strain is called eigenstrain. If the same bar is held rigidly then the eigenstrain resisted and you get stress and strain. So stress cannot exist without strain; but strain can exist without stress if it is eigenstrain.
stress is load per unit area; when an object is loaded it is under stress and strain and it stretches (strains) until it breaks at its ultimate strength. Stress i srelated to strain in the elastic region by Hooke's law: stress = elastic modulus times strain where modulus is a property of the material and strain is deflection over length
difference between Strain-stress diagram of copper and steel?
is defined as ratio of uniform stress to volume strain
We knew from Hook's law- "stress is proportional to strain." So, stress = k * strain [here, k is a constant] or, stress/strain= k Now, if the stress and strain occurs due to axial force then k is known as modulus of elasticity and it is denoted by E. if the stress and strain occurs due to shear force then k is known as modulus of rigidity and it is denoted by G.
In hysteresis materials it represents the energy dissipated in them during the cycle of magnetization & demagnetization (just refer any hysteresis loop diagram) . This is used in many applications especially in aerospace to damp the oscillations in satellite.
Loss factor is best obtained by dynamically loading (extensional, torsional etc.) a specimen of the material and plotting the hysteresis curve in stress-vs strain plane. If the total area under the hysteresis loop is D, the loss factor is computed from the following formula Loss factor=D/(2*pi*max stress* max strain) For lightly damped materials, loss factor is just twice the daming factor 'zeta' which obtained either by log-decrement method or half-power bandwidth method. Loss factor is best obtained by dynamically loading (extensional, torsional etc.) a specimen of the material and plotting the hysteresis curve in stress-vs strain plane. If the total area under the hysteresis loop is D, the loss factor is computed from the following formula Loss factor=D/(2*pi*max stress* max strain) For lightly damped materials, loss factor is just twice the daming factor 'zeta' which obtained either by log-decrement method or half-power bandwidth method.
The hysteresis loop of ferroelectric materials can be measured using a ferroelectric tester or a precision impedance analyzer. These instruments apply a voltage sweep to the material and measure the resulting polarization response, capturing the hysteresis loop which shows the relationship between polarization and applied electric field.
it is more sensitive small gauge size low hysteresis
The area of the hysteresis loop in a ferromagnetic material represents the energy losses that occur during the magnetization and demagnetization processes. It is a measure of the energy dissipated as heat due to the magnetic domain reorientation within the material. The larger the area of the hysteresis loop, the greater the energy losses and the lower the efficiency of the material in applications such as transformers or inductors.
hysteresis loss = N1/N2 R2/R1 C1/A1 (area of the loop)(vertical sensitivity) (horizontal sensitiivity
stress strain curve details
When a hysteresis loop is plotted on a graph ( X: Current, Y: Magnetic Field Strength ) for the core of any substance, the area covered by the loop (on both sides of the x-axis) will give the total energy involved or work done in one cycle of magnetisation and demagnetisation.
Wherever there is stress there is strain. In the example you noted, if heated bar expands freely without one end constained it changes its strain without stress; that strain is called eigenstrain. If the same bar is held rigidly then the eigenstrain resisted and you get stress and strain. So stress cannot exist without strain; but strain can exist without stress if it is eigenstrain.
To calculate strain energy in a material, you can use the formula: Strain Energy 0.5 x Stress x Strain. Stress is the force applied to the material, and strain is the resulting deformation. Multiply stress and strain, then divide by 2 to find the strain energy.
To calculate strain from stress, you can use the formula: Strain Stress / Young's Modulus. Stress is the force applied to an object, while Young's Modulus is a measure of the stiffness of the material. By dividing the stress by the Young's Modulus, you can determine the strain, which is the amount of deformation the material undergoes in response to the stress.
To find strain from stress in a material, you can use the formula: Strain Stress / Young's Modulus. Young's Modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a material. By dividing the stress applied to the material by its Young's Modulus, you can calculate the resulting strain.