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Barium sulfate is insoluble in water, while barium carbonate will dissolve. As barium carbonate dissolves in water, it dissociates, and the barium ions are freed. The barium ions are toxic, and that is the crux of the issue.

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What is the balanced equation for the reaction of aluminum sulfate and barium?

Oooh, this is a tricky one; as aluminum takes a 3+ charge and the sulphate (UK sulphate = USA sulfate!) a 2- negative. I think barium is 2+ (my chemistry was a while ago). My attempt would be:Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Ba --> 3 BaSO4 + 2 Al