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The largest surrender was Lee surrendering the Army of Northern Virginia to U.S. Grant at Appomattox Court House (April 9th 1865). It was not the last surrender. Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his army to Sherman later the same month, and the final surrender was at Palmito Ranch, Texas in May. PS. Checking the troop-numbers, I find that Lee surrendered only 28,000 men. In July 1863, Grant had captured 30,000 men after the siege of Vicksburg. So it could be that Vicksburg represented the biggest surrender.
Vicksburg Michigan
The Battle of Vicksburg is also called the Siege of Vicksburg
The Civil War battle of Vicksburg was precipitaed by Union ironclads attempting to blockade Confederate shipping on the Mississippi River. Vicksburg is situated on a bluff overlooking the river, and provided an excellent location for Confederate gun emplacements capable of destoying Union ships. For this reason, General Grant chose Vicksburg as his starting point for his campaign in Mississippi. He chose to take Vicksburg from the east, overland, as most of it's defenses were focused toward the river.
While Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was preparing to invade the Union, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee was embarking upon a campaign to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi in the heart of the Confederate States of America. Upon reaching Vicksburg, Grant laid siege to the city for forty six days, culminating with the city's surrender on July 4th, 1863. This defeat gave the Union control the the Mississippi water way and essentially cut the Confederacy in half.