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Very powerful volcanoes can blast millions of tons of dust and ash high into the stratosphere, where it reflects a substantial fraction of the Sun's light and heat back into space. These happen every couple of centuries, and the weather gets several degrees colder for a year or two. VERY large eruptions can darken the sky for decades, and may be the cause of some ice ages.

Asteroid impacts can have similar effects. For example, something big struck northern Canada about 15,000 years ago, and the resulting mini-ice age called the Younger Dryas probably caused most large animals in North America and Siberia to become extinct, including the mammoth and mastodon, and the saber-toothed tiger. It also killed off the American aboriginal humans known as the "Clovis People" who had inhabited North America before that time. The "Native Americans" were a later migration from Asia a few thousand years later.

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Why is the short tailed albatross threatened?

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Diamonds found in volcanoes are typically formed deep within the Earth's mantle under high pressure and temperature conditions. They are brought to the surface during volcanic eruptions through volcanic pipes called kimberlite pipes or lamproite pipes. These diamonds are known as "kimberlite diamonds" or "volcanic diamonds".


What landform are diamonds found?

Diamonds are typically found in kimberlite pipes, which are cone-shaped volcanic rock formations that form deep in the Earth's mantle and are brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions. Diamonds can also be found in alluvial deposits, where they have been eroded from the original source rock and are concentrated in riverbeds or coastal areas.


How do xenoliths and xenocrysts reach the surface?

Xenoliths are rock fragments that are brought to the surface during volcanic eruptions, carried within the magma from the Earth's mantle. Xenocrysts, on the other hand, are crystals that form deep within the Earth and are also brought to the surface during volcanic eruptions through the magma's ascent. Both xenoliths and xenocrysts provide valuable information about the composition and processes occurring in the Earth's interior.


What are lumps that have compositions different from the main body of rock called?

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How a diamond reaches earth?

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Where are diamonds usually found on earth?

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