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The French colony (now overseas territory) of New Caledonia is in the South Pacific Ocean east of Australia. The French established a penal colony on the main island of Grand Terre in 1864, and began nickel mining operations. Copper mining was begun in 1875, as well.

Nearly half of the population are the indigenous Kanak people, and the territory is scheduled to vote on independence from France sometime between 2014 and 2017.

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