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Elm grows everywhere in the Iroquois country - northern Pennsylvania and throughout New York state. It was widely used instead of birch bark for canoes, longhouses and even containers.

Elm bark was gathered by men in spring or early summer; a vertical knife cut was made and the bark could be peeled off the tree in very large sheets. Often the entire tree would be cut down so that all its bark could be harvested. Fresh bark was always used whenever possible, since it tended to become brittle if stored for any length of time; if kept damp or in a shady spot it remains flexible for a long time.

When used for making canoes, the inner smooth surface of the bark became the outside of the canoe.

When used as roofing material the rough outer surface of the bark was laid facing outwards and tools were used to flatten out much of the roughness.

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