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That will vary with the type (i.e. "color") of the LED: IR LEDs operate at the lowest voltage (1.2V), red LEDs operate at low voltages (1.8V), green LEDs operate at medium voltages (2.5V), blue LEDs operate at high voltages (3.3V), and UV LEDs operate at the highest voltages (4V). Intermediate color LEDs operate at correspondingly intermediate voltage between those given above. The reason an LED cannot produce light below these voltages is it takes more voltage drop to get the energy to produce higher energy photons and the different types of binary semiconductors needed to produce each color/energy of photon result in different junction forward bias voltages.

However LEDs are really current operated devices, not voltage operated devices, so they need a series resistor or a current source to limit the current through them. Simply applying a voltage source with the necessary "minimum operating voltage" across an LED will generally destroy it instead of lighting it.

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When a light bulb is rated for 3.2 V does that mean that is the maximum operating voltage OR the minimum operating voltage OR or the optimum operating voltage?

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No. A 277 volt ballast needs the correct voltage to operate. The 277 voltage is derived from the star point voltage of a 480 volt three phase system (277/480). The 208 voltage is a three phase line voltage whose star-point voltage is 120 volts (120/208).


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Answer for USA, Canada and countries running a 60 Hertz supply service.Line voltage is a term that is used to describe the voltage that is used to operate a specific device. A service that comes into a building would be considered line voltage. For a Class 1 circuit the top voltage for low voltage installations is 30 volts at 1000 vA. For a Class 2 circuit the top voltage for low voltage installations is not under 30 volts and not over 60 volts at 100 vA. Voltages used above 750 volts are considered high voltage installations.

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