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A stringed instrument creates notes (sounds at certain frequencies) because the string vibrate at a particular frequency. The frequency at which the string vibrates depends on several factors: the mass of the string material; the tension of the string, and the length of the string. The following result in lower frequencies: more mass (the lower strings are thicker and therefore have more mass), less tension (the lower strings are tightened up a little less than the higher strings), and more string length.

The violinist adjusts the tension of each string when tuning the instrument. To play different notes, there are 4 strings (lowest is G, then D, A and highest is E). So by pressing his fingers on the string to shorten the length, a higher frequency note is produced. When the violinist gets to half the distance of the original length, the frequency is doubled, and the note is one octave above the natural string note. At this point, the note letter is the same as the original note, one octave below.

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