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Generally, augmentation means to enlarge. In Music Theory, augmentation can be applied both to note values (time/duration) and to intervals (pitch relationship between to pitches). When you augment a note value you increase the duration of the note (the time you hold the note) over its previous value. Augmenting an interval is the process of increasing an interval by exactly one chromatic semitone (raise the interval a 1/2 step). In chord theory, an Augmented chord always means you are raising the 5th by a 1/2 step.

Technically, you can augment any interval (unisons, seconds, thirds, etc.), but in practical terms, augmented intervals are reserved for the perfect intervals of 4ths and 5ths.

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