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Restriction enzymes cut DNA at sites called restriction sites on the DNA. These restriction sites are specific sequences of 6 - 8 nucleotide bases. Restriction enzymes can be used on all types of DNA. If the DNA is cut by a certain restriction enzyme, then we know that the DNA contained the restriction site. This sort of an experiment is called restriction site analysis
What else can I help you with?
Which enzyme do scientist use to cut genes out of strands of DNA?
restriction endonuclease
Why don't bacterial chromosomes get cut out with the restriction enzymes present in the cell?
Bacterial chromosomes are protected from being cut by restriction enzymes because they contain specific DNA sequences called methylated sites that act as recognition markers for the restriction enzymes. These methylated sites prevent the enzymes from cutting the bacterial chromosome by blocking their activity.
How are restriction enzymes used in the laboratory?
Restriction enzymes are used to cut up DNA into fragments with 'sticky ends'. It allows for the gene of interest to be isolated. A plasmid can then also be cut with the same restriction enzyme and the sticky ends are spliced together with DNA ligase. The recombinant plasmid can then be put into new host cells via a variety of methods.
Which Restriction enzyme are studied in Recombinant DNA Technology?
It's not the restriction enzymes that are studied, its the DNA. The enzyme cuts or "restricts" the DNA strand at a known sequence of nucleotides. Different enzyme, different sequence. For a Biomanufacturing application, where we want to insert foreign DNA, the gene of interest is cut and spliced with a restriction enzyme into a recombinant plasmid, transformed into a bacteria, and sent merrily on it's way to make Insulin, or whatever. With an unknown piece of DNA (a functional gene that makes a protein of interest or is being studied), the plasmid has "restriction sites" or nucleotide sequences, for several restriction enzymes, all of which I have mapped out. The unknown piece of DNA is cut at each end by a single restriction enzyme and inserted into the plasmid, which gives me some landmarks. I insert the plasmid into a bacteria, grow a culture so the bacteria makes many millions of copies of the plasmid, extract the plasmid, and run an experiment called a restriction digest. The restriction digests are a series of reaction with single enzyme and combinations of two and three enzymes, all cutting the plasmid at different nucleotide sequences. Then I run an agarose gel electrophoresis, which separates all the different pieces of DNA by size, and do an analysis called a Restriction Map. This counts the DNA fragments and their sizes, which enzyme and combination of enzymes produced which sizes and how many fragments, which enzyme cuts where, which cuts were definitely in the known part of the plasmid, which were probably in the unknown DNA, adding up nucleotide sequence numbers to make sure different mapping guesses agree, etcetera, etcetera, and so forth. Until at last, a map of the size and restriction sites of the unknown DNA insert into the known plasmid vector is deduced. This used to be done by hand, but there are computer programs that do it now. This is Research, the Technology is down the line a few steps when the gene has been characterized, the protein produced has been characterized, the trials are done, and the restriction enzyme to insert the gene into the bacteria for Bioman has been established
How do you separate the desired DNA from all others?
The desired DNA can be separated from other molecules using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and chromatography. These methods isolate the DNA based on size, charge, or specific binding interactions.
The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by using?
The answer as of Castle Learning was choice 4, Enzymes.
Which enzyme do scientist use to cut genes out of strands of DNA?
restriction endonuclease
Which enzyme do scientist use to cut out strands of DNA?
They are called restriction enzymes and there are all sorts depending on the sequence of DNA they are trying to cut
What does it mean that all restriction sites are palindromic?
It means that the sequences of DNA at restriction sites read the same forwards and backwards. This symmetry allows enzymes to cut the DNA at these sites in a specific way.
Why don't bacterial chromosomes get cut out with the restriction enzymes present in the cell?
Bacterial chromosomes are protected from being cut by restriction enzymes because they contain specific DNA sequences called methylated sites that act as recognition markers for the restriction enzymes. These methylated sites prevent the enzymes from cutting the bacterial chromosome by blocking their activity.
How are restriction enzymes used in the laboratory?
Restriction enzymes are used to cut up DNA into fragments with 'sticky ends'. It allows for the gene of interest to be isolated. A plasmid can then also be cut with the same restriction enzyme and the sticky ends are spliced together with DNA ligase. The recombinant plasmid can then be put into new host cells via a variety of methods.
Where are restriction enzymes obtained from?
Restriction enzymes are obtained from many prokaryotes and about 1500 enzymes with known sequence recognition sites have been isolated. Restriction enzyme is a protein that recognize a specific, short nucelotide sequence.
Which Restriction enzyme are studied in Recombinant DNA Technology?
It's not the restriction enzymes that are studied, its the DNA. The enzyme cuts or "restricts" the DNA strand at a known sequence of nucleotides. Different enzyme, different sequence. For a Biomanufacturing application, where we want to insert foreign DNA, the gene of interest is cut and spliced with a restriction enzyme into a recombinant plasmid, transformed into a bacteria, and sent merrily on it's way to make Insulin, or whatever. With an unknown piece of DNA (a functional gene that makes a protein of interest or is being studied), the plasmid has "restriction sites" or nucleotide sequences, for several restriction enzymes, all of which I have mapped out. The unknown piece of DNA is cut at each end by a single restriction enzyme and inserted into the plasmid, which gives me some landmarks. I insert the plasmid into a bacteria, grow a culture so the bacteria makes many millions of copies of the plasmid, extract the plasmid, and run an experiment called a restriction digest. The restriction digests are a series of reaction with single enzyme and combinations of two and three enzymes, all cutting the plasmid at different nucleotide sequences. Then I run an agarose gel electrophoresis, which separates all the different pieces of DNA by size, and do an analysis called a Restriction Map. This counts the DNA fragments and their sizes, which enzyme and combination of enzymes produced which sizes and how many fragments, which enzyme cuts where, which cuts were definitely in the known part of the plasmid, which were probably in the unknown DNA, adding up nucleotide sequence numbers to make sure different mapping guesses agree, etcetera, etcetera, and so forth. Until at last, a map of the size and restriction sites of the unknown DNA insert into the known plasmid vector is deduced. This used to be done by hand, but there are computer programs that do it now. This is Research, the Technology is down the line a few steps when the gene has been characterized, the protein produced has been characterized, the trials are done, and the restriction enzyme to insert the gene into the bacteria for Bioman has been established
Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonuclease?
Restriction enzymes are a class of enzymes called endonucleases. Endonucleases are able to cut in the middle of the DNA backbone or the phosphodiester bonds. A different class of enzymes called exonucleases cut the DNA backbone, but only from the ends - either from the 3' end or the 5' end. MOST restriction endonucleases are prokaryotic in origin. However, there are several found in eukaryotic cells, including our own. In eukaryotes they are not referred to as restriction enzymes, just endonucleases. An example of an endonuclease in eukaryotes is Apn1, isolated from yeast. This enzyme helps prevent DNA damage from environmental agents. Another common enzyme family called the topoisomerases (DNA Gyrase) has endonuclease activity. Topoisomerases prevent the supercoiling of DNA at replication forks, by cutting the backbone, relieving the tension and pasting the ends together again - hence the endonuclease activity. In prokaryotes, restriction enzymes actually restrict the proliferation of viruses by cleaving their nucleic acids at specific base-pair sequences. These enzymes cut DNA at the exact same sequence no matter which organism the DNA belongs to - that's why they're such powerful tools in genetic engineering. Eukaryotic endonucleases may not all help in restricting invading nucleic acids and in fact perform many distinct "jobs". That is probably why they are never referred to as restriction enzymes.
How do you separate the desired DNA from all others?
The desired DNA can be separated from other molecules using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and chromatography. These methods isolate the DNA based on size, charge, or specific binding interactions.
Based on restriction maps of plasmid determine the number of DNA fragments and sizes of the fragments?
Plasmids are circular pieces of DNA, so the number of fragments equals the number of cuts from the restriction enzymes. You can easily see this if you start with one restriction enzyme that cuts the plasmid in only one place. Cutting the circle in one place yields you only one fragment. If the restriction cuts in two places, you end up with two fragments; with three places, three fragments, etc. With linear chromosomes, the situation is different. Cutting a linear chromosome in one place yields two fragments, cutting in two places yields three fragments, etc. So the number of fragments is always one more than the number of cuts. A restriction map of a plasmid will show all of the cuts the restriction enzymes made. Each cut is labeled with the enzyme that made it. One can count the spaces between cuts to determine the number of fragments that are produced. Restriction maps usually (but not always) also show the size of each fragment.
Does the nucleus contain all the enzymes of the cell?
No, the cell nucleus contains DNA, and while enzymes are used to assist in the replication and transcription process, the vast majority of the cell enzymes are located outside in the cytoplasm.However, the nucleus's DNA contains the code for all the enzymes that the cell will ever create, but this is only code, the actual enzymes are produced with ribosomes in the cytoplasm (through translation)
