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point mutations include substitutions insertions and deletions of a single nuceotide in DNA.
CONSIDER: insertions and deletions have a greater effect on proteins that do substiutions because insertions and deletions affect every amino acid that is specified by the nucleotides that follow the point of mutation
CONSIDER: a substitution affects a single amino acid a change in more than one amino acid is more likely to alter the ability of the protein to function narmally than is a change in a single amino acid
CONSIDER:
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How might protein synthesis execute differently if a mutation occurs?
A mutation can alter the sequence of DNA, causing changes in the mRNA produced during transcription. This can result in the insertion, deletion, or substitution of amino acids in the protein sequence during translation. These changes can impact the structure and function of the protein, potentially leading to a non-functional or altered protein being produced.
What is a mutation you might have but not know about?
substitution
How might a mutation in the regulator gene affect the lac operon?
A mutation in the regulator gene of the lac operon can disrupt the production or function of the repressor protein that normally inhibits the operon in the absence of lactose. If the mutation leads to a non-functional repressor, the operon may be constitutively expressed, resulting in unnecessary enzyme production even when lactose is not present. Conversely, a mutation that enhances repressor function could prevent the operon from being activated when lactose is available, impairing the cell's ability to utilize lactose as an energy source. Overall, such mutations can significantly impact the regulation of gene expression in response to environmental changes.
Explain How DNA in the nucleus can be related to proteins and are made in the ribosome Include how mutations might affect the protein?
The DNA in the nucleus transcribes it's genetic code into messenger RNA (mRNA ) that is sent from the nucleus to the ribosomes to be synthesized into proteins, which, primarily, are unique sequences of 20 amino acids. If there was a point mutation, for instance, in the DNA then another amino acid might be coded for and the protein would not assume it's proper shape. Form is function in proteins. ( a rather simplified explanation )
What will happen if there was a change in the base pair sequence?
Changing a base pair on a human chromosome (or any organism's chromosome) can range from no effect to catastrophic. The changing of a base pair -- a mutation -- can either result in a nonsense mutation, a missense mutation, or a silent mutation.A nonsense mutation changes a codon upstream of the normal stop codon into a stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein. Such proteins are non-functional and usually result in a non-viable offspring although some can survive (with serious genetic disorders).A missense mutation is just like a nonsense mutation, except the codon isn't changed into a stop codon and the protein does not terminate early. The only difference between the normal protein and the affected protein is that the affected protein will have one amino acid along the polypeptide chain that is different. The affects of such a change can change the shape of the protein entirely, seen with sickle-cell anemia.A silent mutation has no effect on the protein produced. There are only 20 amino acids, but 43 variations of four bases arranged three at a time (in other words, there are 64 different codons possible). Accordingly, more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. For example, both UAU and UAC code for the amino acid tyrosine. Imagine a point mutation replaced the U in UAU with a C making it UAC. Either way, the amino acid that will be used will be tyrosine, in no way changing the structure of the protein. For that reason, these mutations are "silent" or having no effect.
How might a point mutation in a gene affect the resulting protein?
A point mutation in a gene can change a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can lead to a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein during translation. This can alter the structure and function of the protein, potentially affecting its ability to perform its normal role in the cell.
Why is is it possible for a point mutation to have no affect on the protein produced?
A point mutation can have no effect on the protein produced if it occurs in a non-coding region of the gene, such as an intron. In coding regions (exons), silent mutations can also occur where the mutation leads to a codon that still codes for the same amino acid, preserving the protein's function. Additionally, some amino acid substitutions might not impact the protein's structure or function due to redundancy in the genetic code or similarities in amino acid properties.
How might an error during transcription affect protein that is produced?
The protein might be unable to function.
How might an error during transcription affect the protein that is produced?
The protein might be unable to function.
How might protein synthesis execute differently if a mutation occurs?
A mutation can alter the sequence of DNA, causing changes in the mRNA produced during transcription. This can result in the insertion, deletion, or substitution of amino acids in the protein sequence during translation. These changes can impact the structure and function of the protein, potentially leading to a non-functional or altered protein being produced.
What might happen to the stop codon in a frameshift mutation?
In a frameshift mutation, the stop codon may be altered or shifted, potentially leading to a change in the reading frame of the genetic code. This can result in the formation of a different protein or a longer protein than intended, affecting the normal functioning of the cell.
If a mutation occurred during the formation of a protein that substituted an amino acid with a reactive R group for one that had a nonreactive R group how might this affect the reactivity?
A mutation is a change in DNA, so when u change the DNA this affects the sequence of the amino acid in the primary structure. this later changes the folding of the r groups because u don't have the right unique sequence of amino acid that was encoded by the DNA
If one of the nitrogen bases were replaced by a different base what effect might that have on protein synthesis?
It depends. Because many amino acids have more than one codon, it may not affect the protein at all. However, if it does change the amino acid sequence, it could cause a change in the three-dimensional structure of the protein, resulting in a mutation.
How might a point mutation in a gene impact the structure and function of the resulting protein?
A point mutation in a gene can change a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, leading to a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein during translation. This can alter the structure of the protein, affecting its shape and potentially disrupting its function. The change in amino acid sequence may also impact the protein's ability to interact with other molecules or perform its intended role in the cell.
What is a mutation you might have but not know about?
substitution
How can you detect neutral mutation on molecular level?
"Neutral" isn't a molecular-level concept. A neutral mutation is one that doesn't affect the fitness of the organism; fitness is depending on the environment. For instance, a mutation that's neutral when nutrients are plentiful might become positive or negative if a particular nutrient becomes rare.
How might a mutation in the regulator gene affect the lac operon?
A mutation in the regulator gene of the lac operon can disrupt the production or function of the repressor protein that normally inhibits the operon in the absence of lactose. If the mutation leads to a non-functional repressor, the operon may be constitutively expressed, resulting in unnecessary enzyme production even when lactose is not present. Conversely, a mutation that enhances repressor function could prevent the operon from being activated when lactose is available, impairing the cell's ability to utilize lactose as an energy source. Overall, such mutations can significantly impact the regulation of gene expression in response to environmental changes.
