The surface
A comet is visible for only a short portion of its orbit around the sun because it only becomes bright and visible when it gets closer to the sun. As it approaches the sun, the sun's heat vaporizes the comet's icy surface, creating a glowing coma and tail that make it visible from Earth. Once the comet moves away from the sun, it becomes dimmer and harder to see.
The corona, which is the sun's plasma 'atmosphere'.
No, Venus in its full phase is not visible from Earth. When Venus is in its full phase, it is positioned on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, which means it is lost in the Sun's glare and not visible to us.
Visible light is an insignificant portion of the solar radiation that warms the Earth. The sun's infrared radiation, also known as 'heat', is responsible for virtually all of it.
The orbit of mars is outside that of the earths orbit
From Earth, the Photosphere is the part visible on the Sun, though the Corona is the top layer of the Sun. We cannot see the Corona because the Photosphere is so bright.
A comet is visible for only a short portion of its orbit around the sun because it only becomes bright and visible when it gets closer to the sun. As it approaches the sun, the sun's heat vaporizes the comet's icy surface, creating a glowing coma and tail that make it visible from Earth. Once the comet moves away from the sun, it becomes dimmer and harder to see.
The layer of the Sun's atmosphere that can normally be seen is the photosphere. This is the visible surface of the Sun that emits light and heat and is responsible for the majority of the sunlight we receive on Earth.
Visible light is an insignificant portion of the solar radiation that warms the Earth. The sun's infrared radiation, also known as 'heat', is responsible for virtually all of it.
Only during a lunar eclipse, which can only happen during a full moon. The visible phases of the moon are caused by it changing its position relative to Earth and the sun. The visible portion is the moon's day side; the side facing toward the sun. The unlit portion is the night side, facing away from the sun.
The corona, which is the sun's plasma 'atmosphere'.
Solar eclipses are visible only for a small portion of the Earth's surface where the moon covers the sun. Lunar eclipses in which the Earth's shadow covers the moon are visible for long distances but it's the color of the moon effected by those not the Earth.
The moon is sometimes seen as a crescent in the night sky because of its position in relation to the Earth and the Sun. When the moon is between the Earth and the Sun, only a portion of its illuminated side is visible from Earth, creating the crescent shape.
No, the sun is not blue in color. The sun appears yellow to us due to the scattering of light in the Earth's atmosphere. The sun emits light across the visible spectrum, but its peak intensity is in the green portion of the spectrum. This combination of colors gives the sun its yellow appearance when viewed from Earth.
The moon does not change (much). What an observer on Earth sees changes as the Moon orbits the Earth and the Earth/Moon system orbits the Sun much more slowly is the illuminated portion of the moon growing (covering more and more of the visible portion of the Moon) and when the Moon is full, the Sun Earth and Moon are more or less in line (if they were exactly in line it would be a lunar eclipse - which does happen a few times each year). Then as the Moon continues to rotate around the Earth, night after night, less and less of the illuminated portion is visible to the observer on Earth.
They can be visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope.
Because of the sun light reflecting off of it. Update: Normally new moons are invisible since the moon is between the Earth and Sun. However during the rare solar eclipses the new moon will be visible as a silhouette.