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DNA markers can smear on a gel for several reasons: first, incomplete digestion or degradation of the DNA can lead to fragments of varying sizes. Second, excessive loading of DNA can cause band overlap and smearing. Third, suboptimal gel concentration can affect the resolution of the fragments, leading to a smeared appearance. Lastly, the presence of contaminants or impurities in the DNA sample can disrupt the migration of the DNA through the gel.

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