okazaki fregments
The lagging stand~Brainly
During DNA replication, the sections of DNA are referred to as "replication forks," where the double helix unwinds, and "leading" and "lagging" strands, which are synthesized continuously and discontinuously, respectively. The lagging strand is made up of short segments known as "Okazaki fragments." These structures are essential for the accurate and efficient duplication of the DNA molecule.
There are two main reasons why the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous manner. One you would need to have triphosphates on the 3' side of nuclesoside (3'-dNTPs) when "proofing" the strand, this would require an evolving of an entirely different set of enzymes to make 3'-dNTPs, as well as to use them. Two, you would need to have polymerases that can add a 5'-dNTP to a 5' end of a growing chain, and this is chemically unfavored due to the ease of repairing DNA errors by the 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase. For the first reason, when DNA polymerase is "proof-reading" it removes an incorrect nucleotide and leaves a 3' OH. If this were the lagging strand, removal of a base would leave a 5' phosphate. Next, for addition of the correct nucleotide, a 5' phosphate bond would be cleaved to add to the 3' OH, this is a high-energy bond that is cleaved, which provides energy for polymerization. If it were the 5' phosphate, the addition would be of the 3'OH on the correct nucleotide. This would be a very slow process because there is no high-energy bond to be cleaved for addition of the 3'OH to the 5' phosphate. For the second reason, a whole new set of polymerases would have to be made because currently, the 5' dNTPs are added to the 5' triphosphate of the 3'OH on the growing strand. If you were to synthesize in the 3-5 direction, the 3'OH on the 5' dNTP would be added to the 5' triphosphate on the growing end.
Both strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA replication, with each strand being used to synthesize a new complementary strand. This process ensures that the genetic information is faithfully copied and transferred to the newly created DNA molecule.
replicated DNA is made of one old strand and one new strand.
The lagging stand~Brainly
The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, making replication faster and more efficient. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together by DNA ligase. This process of replication is slower and requires additional steps compared to the leading strand.
During DNA replication, the sections of DNA are referred to as "replication forks," where the double helix unwinds, and "leading" and "lagging" strands, which are synthesized continuously and discontinuously, respectively. The lagging strand is made up of short segments known as "Okazaki fragments." These structures are essential for the accurate and efficient duplication of the DNA molecule.
When the two parent strands of DNA are separated to begin replication, one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction while the other strand is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction. DNA replication, however, is inflexible: the enzyme that carries out the replication, DNA polymerase, only functions in the 5' to 3' direction. This characteristic of DNA polymerase means that the daughter strands synthesize through different methods, one adding nucleotides one by one in the direction of the replication fork, the other able to add nucleotides only in chunks. The first strand, which replicates nucleotides one by one is called the leading strand; the other strand, which replicates in chunks, is called the lagging strand. The lagging strand replicates in small segments, called Okazaki fragments. These fragments are stretches of 100 to 200 nucleotides in humans (1000 to 2000 in bacteria).
The leading strand is the correct orientation, so it can be replicated continuosly - meaning the DNA Polymerase can continue to add new nucleotides without stopping. New DNA strands can only be created in a 5' to 3' direction. This is different to the lagging strand - which must be looped and copied in small, non-continuos segments. These segments are known as Okazaki fragments.
There are two main reasons why the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous manner. One you would need to have triphosphates on the 3' side of nuclesoside (3'-dNTPs) when "proofing" the strand, this would require an evolving of an entirely different set of enzymes to make 3'-dNTPs, as well as to use them. Two, you would need to have polymerases that can add a 5'-dNTP to a 5' end of a growing chain, and this is chemically unfavored due to the ease of repairing DNA errors by the 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase. For the first reason, when DNA polymerase is "proof-reading" it removes an incorrect nucleotide and leaves a 3' OH. If this were the lagging strand, removal of a base would leave a 5' phosphate. Next, for addition of the correct nucleotide, a 5' phosphate bond would be cleaved to add to the 3' OH, this is a high-energy bond that is cleaved, which provides energy for polymerization. If it were the 5' phosphate, the addition would be of the 3'OH on the correct nucleotide. This would be a very slow process because there is no high-energy bond to be cleaved for addition of the 3'OH to the 5' phosphate. For the second reason, a whole new set of polymerases would have to be made because currently, the 5' dNTPs are added to the 5' triphosphate of the 3'OH on the growing strand. If you were to synthesize in the 3-5 direction, the 3'OH on the 5' dNTP would be added to the 5' triphosphate on the growing end.
Both strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA replication, with each strand being used to synthesize a new complementary strand. This process ensures that the genetic information is faithfully copied and transferred to the newly created DNA molecule.
oriented strand board is made by people.
Proteins are made in the ribosomes when the mRNA strand from the nucleus is matched with the anti codon tRNA strand.
A DNA double helix is made up of two stands that twist around each other in a spiral shape. Each strand consists of a sequence of nucleotide bases that pair up with the bases on the opposite strand, forming the characteristic double helix structure.
replicated DNA is made of one old strand and one new strand.
One mRNA strand is made.