A sub-cortical injury refers to damage occurring beneath the cerebral cortex of the brain, often affecting areas such as the white matter, basal ganglia, or other sub-cortical structures. This type of injury can result from trauma, such as a concussion or contusion, or from medical conditions like stroke or multiple sclerosis. Symptoms may vary widely, depending on the specific areas affected, and can include cognitive deficits, motor impairments, and emotional disturbances. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans to assess the extent of the damage.
'Subcortical structures' are areas of the brain below the cortex, which is the outermost layer (i.e., the grey matter). The limbic system is one example of a subcortical structure - although technically it isn't just one structure. The limbic system actually consists of a number of key areas related to sensory integration, learning, memory, emotionality, and decision-making. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system
Hyperintense signals in the bifrontal subcortical white matter on MRI can indicate various conditions such as small vessel ischemic disease, demyelination, or inflammation. Further evaluation and clinical correlation are necessary to determine the underlying cause.
Rapid subcortical pathway activity refers to the quick processing of sensory information through subcortical structures in the brain, such as the thalamus and amygdala, before it reaches the cortex. This pathway allows for fast, automatic responses to stimuli, often linked to emotional and survival-related reactions. For example, it enables immediate reactions to threats, bypassing slower cortical processing. This mechanism highlights the brain's ability to prioritize speed in certain contexts, particularly in response to danger.
The periventricular white matter is located around the ventricles of the brain, primarily surrounding the lateral ventricles, while the subcortical white matter is found beneath the cerebral cortex of both cerebral hemispheres. These regions are crucial for communication between different brain areas, facilitating the transmission of signals. The periventricular white matter contains important pathways involved in various functions, whereas the subcortical white matter connects cortical areas with deeper structures and plays a role in motor control and cognitive processing.
What treatment to be given in this case
Sub- refers to below or under, cortical refers to the superficial (top) layer of a tissue/organ/structure; subcortical means the tissue/organ/structure just under the cortical layer. A common use of this term is "subcortical bone", which refers to the bone marrow.
A subcortical cyst is a type of cyst that develops on the skeletal frame in the body. Depending on the location, they can be benign, but they can also early indicators of some diseases.
Vision involves both cortical and subcortical processes. The initial stages of visual processing occur in subcortical structures such as the thalamus, specifically the lateral geniculate nucleus, before signals are relayed to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. Cortical areas are crucial for higher-level processing, including object recognition and spatial awareness. Thus, vision is a complex interplay of both subcortical and cortical mechanisms.
'Subcortical structures' are areas of the brain below the cortex, which is the outermost layer (i.e., the grey matter). The limbic system is one example of a subcortical structure - although technically it isn't just one structure. The limbic system actually consists of a number of key areas related to sensory integration, learning, memory, emotionality, and decision-making. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system
Cortical is a word referring to the cortex, so the subcortical region of the brain is literally 'anything beneath the cortex'; but, since the brain isn't arranged in flat layers, it may be easier to visualise this analogy: If you picture the brain as being half an orange, the outer skin (the zest) would equate to the grey matter of cerebral cortex, & the inner skin (the pith) to the white matter; everything else (the pulp & the pips of the orange) represents the subcortical structures, which include various ventricles & nuclei, the thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, & the parts that make up the brainstem. Subcortical pathways enable fast, unconscious reactions; so a reflex is a subcortical action.
Subcortical white matter lesions may be associated with cardiovascular disease. They may also be associated with multiple sclerosis, if the patient has other MS signs and symptoms.
Hyperintense signals in the bifrontal subcortical white matter on MRI can indicate various conditions such as small vessel ischemic disease, demyelination, or inflammation. Further evaluation and clinical correlation are necessary to determine the underlying cause.
Julie Ryles died in 27 January 2011 of progressive subcortical gliosis.
Rapid subcortical pathway activity refers to the quick processing of sensory information through subcortical structures in the brain, such as the thalamus and amygdala, before it reaches the cortex. This pathway allows for fast, automatic responses to stimuli, often linked to emotional and survival-related reactions. For example, it enables immediate reactions to threats, bypassing slower cortical processing. This mechanism highlights the brain's ability to prioritize speed in certain contexts, particularly in response to danger.
activation-synthesis model
The periventricular white matter is located around the ventricles of the brain, primarily surrounding the lateral ventricles, while the subcortical white matter is found beneath the cerebral cortex of both cerebral hemispheres. These regions are crucial for communication between different brain areas, facilitating the transmission of signals. The periventricular white matter contains important pathways involved in various functions, whereas the subcortical white matter connects cortical areas with deeper structures and plays a role in motor control and cognitive processing.
Scattered flair hyperintensity involving subcortical white matter refers to areas of increased signal intensity observed on FLAIR (Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery) MRI sequences, indicating changes in the brain's white matter. This finding can be associated with various conditions, including small vessel disease, demyelination, or other types of brain pathology. It may suggest the presence of lesions, inflammation, or other forms of injury affecting the white matter pathways. Clinical correlation and further evaluation are typically necessary to determine the underlying cause and significance of these findings.