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What is the difference between how steroid and nonsteroid hormones activate cell responses?
Steroid hormones, being lipid-soluble, easily pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors, directly influencing gene expression and protein synthesis in the nucleus. In contrast, nonsteroid hormones are typically water-soluble and cannot cross the cell membrane; they bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a signaling cascade through secondary messengers (like cAMP) that ultimately leads to a cellular response. This fundamental difference in their mechanism of action results in steroid hormones having a more prolonged effect, while nonsteroid hormones often elicit quicker responses.
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What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
The adrenal cortex secretes hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and small amounts of sex hormones like androgens and estrogens. These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress responses in the body.
What organ initiates responses to stressful events?
The adrenal glands are responsible for initiating responses to stressful events by releasing stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, into the bloodstream. These hormones help the body to prepare for a "fight or flight" response when faced with a perceived threat or danger.
What is the difference between protein hormones and steroid hormones and how they communicate with their target cells?
Steroid hormones arelipid-soluble and can dissolve easily into the cell membrane of the target cell to connect with receptors. Protein hormones are water-soluble and connect with receptors at the membrane because it can't diffuse through the membrane.
How can a hormone that is present in very small quantities within the bloodstream elicit such a large response within a cell?
Hormones act as chemical messengers, binding to receptors on cell surfaces to trigger specific signaling pathways within the cell. Even at low concentrations, hormones can activate cascades of cellular responses due to amplification mechanisms in the signaling pathways, leading to significant effects on cellular processes.
How does a nonsteroid hormone act on its target cells?
They bond to receptor sites on their target cells to facilitate some reaction, depending on the hormone. For example, insulin is a protein hormone that bonds on receptor sites on muscle cells to allow the diffusion of glucose into the muscle cell. Without insulin, the cell membrane is impermeable to glucose, but the insulin bridge made when the hormone bonds with receptors on the muscle cell membrane allows for the glucose to pass through. This is called facilitated diffusion.
Where are the hormone receptors for nonsteroid hormones located?
The hormone receptors for nonsteroid hormones are primarily located on the cell membrane of target cells. These receptors are often proteins that bind to the hormone and initiate a signaling cascade within the cell. This process allows nonsteroid hormones, which are typically water-soluble, to exert their effects without entering the cell. Examples of nonsteroid hormones include peptide hormones like insulin and catecholamines like epinephrine.
Why a secondary messenger system is needed for nonsteroid hormones but not for steroid hormones?
Because to produce t3 and t4 hormones. By Rajan thapaliya rajanandyou@yahoo.com
Why does it take much longer for sex hormones and other steroids to produce their effects than it takes nonsteroid hormones?
Their target cells must formulate new proteins before an effect can take place.
What hormone category requires g protein to activate enzymes inside a cell?
Hormones that belong to the category of peptide hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, typically require G proteins to activate enzymes inside a cell. When these hormones bind to their specific receptors on the cell membrane, they activate G proteins, which then trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways. This process often involves the activation of second messengers like cyclic AMP (cAMP) or inositol trisphosphate (IP3), leading to various physiological responses.
Which hormones activate brown fat?
Catecholamines
Animal responses can be controlled by the nervous system and?
hormones
Explain the mechanism of action of nonsteroid hormones?
All non steroid hormones are proteinacious and can't enter cell .they attach with fixed membrane receptor which activates an enzymes that activates a second messenger i.e. cAMP that carries message in side cell .
What is an advantage and disadvantage of amines hormones in terms of cellular functions?
Amines hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, have the advantage of acting quickly on target cells, often initiating rapid physiological responses due to their ability to bind to receptors on the cell membrane and activate signaling pathways. However, a disadvantage is that their effects can be short-lived, as they may be quickly degraded or removed from circulation, leading to transient cellular responses that may require continuous signaling for sustained effects.
What are the hormonal responses and describe them?
The hormonal responses are basically responses or reactions given by the hormones. This response is triggered by either negative or positive feedback mechanism. When the hormone level is too low, the gland (usually endocrine) releases the hormones into the bloodstreams where it travels until it reaches the target organ. When there are too much hormones, the gland is triggered to stop the release of hormones. This mechanism of maintaining the balance without giving excess amount of hormone is known as negative feedback. In a positive feedback, the gland is triggered to release more hormones when excess amount of hormones is present.
Explain how nonsteroid hormones may function through an increase intracellular calcium ion concentration?
Non steroid hormones cannot diffuse freely through the cell membrane, therefore they interact with membrane receptors. There are many different types of receptors, many of which result in an increase in cellular [Ca2+], and increased cellular [Ca2+] can have a myriad of effects including cytoskeleton restructuring, muscle fibre contraction, regulation of calcium-dependent enzymes, action potential generation, secretion of vesicles, and even apoptosis. The increase in cellular [Ca2+] can be caused by as simple as the opening of a ligand(hormone)-gated calcium channel. Another far more complex, but somewhat more common pathway involves the hormone binding to a G-protein coupled receptor or a receptor tyrosine kinase, causing the receptor to activate an enzyme called PLC (phospholipase C) that will cleave a membrane phospholipid (phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, PIP2) into two components (Inositol triphosphate, IP3, and Diacylglycerol, DAG). IP3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and releases sequestered Ca2+, and DAG provides an anchor for another enzyme, PKC (protein kinase C). Anchored PKC is activated by the released Ca2+ and it begins to perform its duty, which is to add a phosphate group onto specific substrates, activating or deactivating them, causing a general shift in cellular dynamics.
How protein and amino acid hormones react with a target cell?
The main difference between the two is that one is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic. This means that amino acid (peptide) hormoes cannot travel across the cellular membrane to activate genes; they must bind to receptors on the surface and activate second messenger systems. Steroid hormones, on the other hand, can travel right across membranes and affect genes directly.
What is the difference between adrenal hormones and thyroid hormones?
Adrenal hormones come from you adrenal glands and thyroid hormones come from your thyroids.
