The reduced form of NAD+ is NADH.
In Photosystem I, excited electrons are transferred to the electron carrier molecule ferredoxin. These electrons then reduce NADP+ to form NADPH, an energy-carrying molecule that is essential for the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. This process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, playing a crucial role in converting light energy into chemical energy.
NADP+
Chemical bonds are formed by sharing of atoms.
When two oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule, they do so by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. Each oxygen atom has six valence electrons and needs two more to complete its outer shell; by sharing two pairs of electrons, they both achieve a stable configuration. This results in the formation of an O₂ molecule, which is essential for processes like respiration and combustion.
When two nonmetals combine, they typically form covalent compounds, where they share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing of electrons allows the nonmetals to achieve a full outer shell and create a stable molecule. Examples include water (H2O) and methane (CH4).
In Photosystem I, excited electrons are transferred to the electron carrier molecule ferredoxin. These electrons then reduce NADP+ to form NADPH, an energy-carrying molecule that is essential for the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. This process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, playing a crucial role in converting light energy into chemical energy.
NADP+
When two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide, a molecule of water is also produced. This process is known as a condensation reaction, where a hydroxyl group (OH) from one sugar molecule and a hydrogen atom (H) from the other sugar molecule come together to form a water molecule.
Chemical bonds are formed by sharing of atoms.
NDHP+
Molecules are formed when atoms lose electrons and then attach themselves to other atoms
Atoms share electrons when they form covalent bonds.
When two oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule, they do so by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. Each oxygen atom has six valence electrons and needs two more to complete its outer shell; by sharing two pairs of electrons, they both achieve a stable configuration. This results in the formation of an O₂ molecule, which is essential for processes like respiration and combustion.
The electrons come from water. In the light dependent stage water is split into hydrogen ions (H+), electrons and oxygen. The electrons are passed on to chlorophyll, the H+ ions combine with NADP to form NADPH and the oxygen is released.
Atoms combine to form molecules and atoms are made of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons & electrons).
When two nonmetals combine, they typically form covalent compounds, where they share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing of electrons allows the nonmetals to achieve a full outer shell and create a stable molecule. Examples include water (H2O) and methane (CH4).
Electrons combine with protons from the hydrogen atom to produce an energy-carrying molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through a process known as oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.