The reduced form of NAD+ is NADH.
In Photosystem I, excited electrons are transferred to the electron carrier molecule ferredoxin. These electrons then reduce NADP+ to form NADPH, an energy-carrying molecule that is essential for the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. This process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, playing a crucial role in converting light energy into chemical energy.
NADP+
Chemical bonds are formed by sharing of atoms.
When two oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule, they do so by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. Each oxygen atom has six valence electrons and needs two more to complete its outer shell; by sharing two pairs of electrons, they both achieve a stable configuration. This results in the formation of an O₂ molecule, which is essential for processes like respiration and combustion.
When two nonmetals combine, they typically form covalent compounds, where they share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing of electrons allows the nonmetals to achieve a full outer shell and create a stable molecule. Examples include water (H2O) and methane (CH4).
In Photosystem I, excited electrons are transferred to the electron carrier molecule ferredoxin. These electrons then reduce NADP+ to form NADPH, an energy-carrying molecule that is essential for the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. This process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, playing a crucial role in converting light energy into chemical energy.
NADP+
When two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide, a molecule of water is also produced. This process is known as a condensation reaction, where a hydroxyl group (OH) from one sugar molecule and a hydrogen atom (H) from the other sugar molecule come together to form a water molecule.
Chemical bonds are formed by sharing of atoms.
NDHP+
Molecules are formed when atoms lose electrons and then attach themselves to other atoms
Atoms share electrons when they form covalent bonds.
The electrons come from water. In the light dependent stage water is split into hydrogen ions (H+), electrons and oxygen. The electrons are passed on to chlorophyll, the H+ ions combine with NADP to form NADPH and the oxygen is released.
When two oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule, they do so by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. Each oxygen atom has six valence electrons and needs two more to complete its outer shell; by sharing two pairs of electrons, they both achieve a stable configuration. This results in the formation of an O₂ molecule, which is essential for processes like respiration and combustion.
Atoms combine to form molecules and atoms are made of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons & electrons).
When two nonmetals combine, they typically form covalent compounds, where they share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing of electrons allows the nonmetals to achieve a full outer shell and create a stable molecule. Examples include water (H2O) and methane (CH4).
Electrons combine with protons from the hydrogen atom to produce an energy-carrying molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through a process known as oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.