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DEP or direct etching, plastic, astrafoil ink was manufactured from the benzidine based azo dye "Direct Black 38" in an aniline liquid carrier. Other colored Azo dyes were also used. It was withdrawn and banned in the United States of America during the early 1960's due to health concerns and its relation to bladder cancer in draftmen using it.

Investigation during the 1980's of human exposure to the dye demonstrated certain metabolites were formed within 7 days after exposure which were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as:

benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, monoacetylbenzidine, and acetylaminobiphenyl. Formation of the deaminated and N-acetylated analogs of benzidine, which have enhanced mutagenicity and lipophilicity effect on the large intestine and could, in some cases, be related to the onset of bowel cancer in later life.

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