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EVAPORATION is the process by which liquid water enters a gaseous state as water vapor. This can occur at any temperature above the freezing point of 32°F / 0°C. Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid as kinetic energy from some molecules is transferred to others, which can then escape into a gaseous medium (such as air). Adding any heat to liquid water will speed up molecular motion and increase the rate of evaporation. The molecules which remain in the liquid will have lost kinetic energy and therefore exist at a lower temperature. This is called evaporative cooling, and is evidenced when a damp cloth is rapidly waved in the air, the lost energy cooling whatever liquid is left behind in the cloth. At the BOILING POINT of water, heated water changes phase (normally below the surface or where the heat is being applied) and bubbles upward as steam until it reaches the surface and escapes as vapor. Below the freezing point of water, ice entering the air directly as vapor is called SUBLIMATION. (More easily visible with frozen carbon dioxide, or "dry ice", which is never liquid at normal room pressure. It goes from solid to gas at -109°F / -78.5° C )

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