he described it as being as tho firing a bullet of a gun forward only for it to turn around and head back the other way
Observation: Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil, but a small fraction were deflected at large angles. Reason: This led Rutherford to conclude that atoms are mostly empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus at the center, which caused the deflection of the positively charged alpha particles.
In Rutherford's model of the atom the electrons had a circular motion around the nucleus. By the laws of physics, if something is going in a circular motion then it must be accelerating and a particle that accelerates is losing energy. This means that the electrons that are revolving around the nucleus would eventually fall into the nucleus. Nucleus would eventually collapse. This does not happen therefore the Rutherford model was put aside.
Ernest Rutherford's 1911 model of the atom failed to explain why electrons, which are negatively charged, do not collapse into the positively charged nucleus due to electrostatic forces. This model was unable to account for the stability of the atom.
The observation that light travels in a straight line can be explained by the property of light known as rectilinear propagation. This property states that light travels in a straight line in a homogenous medium.
A theory must provide an explanation for an observation and be reinforced by observational data and experimentation.
Most of the particles went through the foil, but some were deflected
Observation.
Forming a hypothesis - to explain the observation.
That is true. Science tries to make sense of what is observed, to explain the universe in which we live. Until you make an observation, there is nothing to explain.
When you are using the scientific method, you would try to imagine a hypothesis which explains an observation, but you might not succeed. A hypothesis that does not explain an observation would be considered a failed hypothesis. You would then need to invent a different hypothesis.
Observation: Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil, but a small fraction were deflected at large angles. Reason: This led Rutherford to conclude that atoms are mostly empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus at the center, which caused the deflection of the positively charged alpha particles.
I have no clue
An observation.
By observation (and by knowing "everything").
You must observe to explain.
Rutherford called this phenomenon the "scattering of alpha particles" which was a key observation that led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom.
Alpha particles bounced back in Rutherford's gold foil experiment. This observation led to the conclusion that atoms have a small, dense nucleus at their center.