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What is meant by the Geiger-Muller region in the operation of a Geiger counter?
Wiki User
∙ 15y ago
The Geiger-Müller region is the area on the performance curve of a Geiger-Müller (GM) tube where the voltage (or difference of potential, if you prefer) between the inner wire (the anode) and the outer case (the cathode) is sufficiently high to cause a current avalanche when any "substantial" unit of ionizing radiation (either particulate or electromagnetic) enters the detector. So much of the gas in the tube is ionized, and so many of the ions have moved in a given ionizing event that increasing the voltage won't affect any increase in this so-called avalanche current. Even increases of differential voltage in the range of hundreds of volts won't substantially alter the performance of the tube. This region, the one where current avalanches and no increase in current can be had by further increasing the voltage, is the Geiger-Müller region. This unit of ionizing radiation will ionize enough of the gas inside the tube that when the ions of gas move toward the electrodes (positive toward the negative and negative toward the positive), they will ionize more gas in the tube until much or most of the gas is ionized and moving. This will create a big "pulse" or a "current shot" or an avalanche of current that can be detected by support circuits in the electronics package that supports the GM tube. Additionally, the large-scale involvement of much of the gas in its ionized form to support this current flow will eventually insulate the anode with a big positive charge. The effect will be to "cut off" the tube and force it to "reset" or "un-ionize" throughout. This will restore conditions so that another pulse will again cause the same chain of events resulting in a "click" on counter. The electronics package records a "pulse" or a "count" of ionizing radiation, as it was designed to do. Links can be found below.
Wiki User
∙ 15y ago
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What is meant by the Geiger Muller region in the operation of a Geiger counter?
The Geiger-Müller region is the area on the performance curve of a Geiger-Müller (GM) tube where the voltage (or difference of potential, if you prefer) between the inner wire (the anode) and the outer case (the cathode) is sufficiently high to cause a current avalanche when any "substantial" unit of ionizing radiation (either particulate or electromagnetic) enters the detector. So much of the gas in the tube is ionized, and so many of the ions have moved in a given ionizing event that increasing the voltage won't affect any increase in this so-called avalanche current. Even increases of differential voltage in the range of hundreds of volts won't substantially alter the performance of the tube. This region, the one where current avalanches and no increase in current can be had by further increasing the voltage, is the Geiger-Müller region. This unit of ionizing radiation will ionize enough of the gas inside the tube that when the ions of gas move toward the electrodes (positive toward the negative and negative toward the positive), they will ionize more gas in the tube until much or most of the gas is ionized and moving. This will create a big "pulse" or a "current shot" or an avalanche of current that can be detected by support circuits in the electronics package that supports the GM tube. Additionally, the large-scale involvement of much of the gas in its ionized form to support this current flow will eventually insulate the anode with a big positive charge. The effect will be to "cut off" the tube and force it to "reset" or "un-ionize" throughout. This will restore conditions so that another pulse will again cause the same chain of events resulting in a "click" on counter. The electronics package records a "pulse" or a "count" of ionizing radiation, as it was designed to do. Links can be found below.
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Why does a plateau exist in the Geiger-Muller region?
In a Geiger-Müller (GM) tube, there is a central anode and a "case" that is the cathode. A voltage is applied across these two elements, and an ionizing particle passing through the GM tube will cause current flow. But how much? Let's step through things and check it out. At low voltage, any electrons released by the cathode will eventually be collected by the anode, but there is no appreciable "current" per se in this, the ionization region. Things are still pretty "tame" in the GM tube through this range of voltages. By applying more voltage, an ionizing event will generate more current flow, and this current flow will be proportional to the voltage in what is (naturally) the proportional region. And as we apply more voltage, gas amplification, or Townsend avalanche, which appeared at the beginning of this region, is increasing across the area of the anode. As we apply even more voltage, it will only make for limited additional current flow in an ionizing event because the limits of the geometry of the GM tube and of the gas media to ionize and "conduct more" with the increasing voltage are being reached. This is the limited-proportional region. As voltage is increased even more, we enter the Geiger-Müller region. In this region, the current avalanche in an ionizing event is so great that is causes a "shield" of positive ions around the anode. The high current "sucks up" all the electrons and blankets the anode in a positive field that prevents additional current flow even with an increase in voltage. This is the Geiger plateau. It's the operating region where additional differential voltage will not cause higher current flow in an ionizing event.
