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Canada has a constitutional monarchy because Her Majesty the Queen of Canada is the head of State.

Section 9 of the Constitution Act, 1867 vests Canadian executive government and authority in the Queen; moreover, the preamble of the Act states that the Canadian constitution is "similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom" (and the United Kingdom is also a constitutional monarchy). The Queen is at the core of each of the three branches of Canadian government.

The Governor General of Canada (the Queen's representative) exercises most executive powers only on the advice of the prime minister (the head of Government) and other ministers who are accountable to the elected House of Commons. Some powers are exerciseable exclusively by the Queen, even today; these powers are the authorisation to add senators pursuant to s. 26 (on the Governor General's recommendation as advised by the prime minister), and the power to veto a bill assented to by the Governor General pursuant to s. 56. The Queen's exercise of powers on the advice of the prime minister is referred to as the Queen-in-Council, and forms the executive branch of government.

The Queen is also one of the three components of the Parliament of Canada (along with the appointed Senate and the elected House of Commons). When both Houses have agreed to pass a bill, it is presented to the Governor General for royal assent (no bill can be enacted without royal assent). Also, the House of Commons cannot pass any bills to appropriate funds without a Royal Recommendation (issued by the Governor General on the advice of a minister). The Queen's role here is called the Queen-in-Parliament, and forms the legislative branch of government.

The Queen is also the fount of justice for Canada, with judicial appointments being made by the Queen's representatives. Judicial decisions are handed down in the name of the Queen. The Queen's role in the judicial branch of government is called the Queen on the bench.

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