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Louis XIV, the brilliant, despotic Sun King of late 17th & early 18th-Century France, summed it up with these words: "L'etat, c'est moi." ("I am the country"). In the age of absolute monarchy, the king was the court of final resort, the maker of laws, chief judge, jury and executioner, maker of internal and foreign policy, and generally considered to be destined by God to rule his particular country. Thomas Hobbes, in his 17th-Century defense of Absolute Monarchy, "Leviathan," preceded Le Roi's sentiments: "For the sovereign is the public soul, giving life and motion to the commonwealth; which [monarch] expiring, the members [of a society] are governed by it no more, than the carcase of a man, by his departed, though immortal, soul."*

*thanks to Neal Stephenson for providing that quotation in The System of the World (William Morrow, 2004)

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