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This is from the Latin title Catholicissimus, which prior to Charles V was rendered "Most Catholic Monarch" and after Charles V was rendered Most Catholic Majesty. According to Wikipedia, it is awarded to monarchs who in the eyes of that Pope embody Catholic principles in their personal lives and state policies. The title then remains attached to the monarchs descended from the original holder in perpetuity, unless withdrawn by a Pope. The reigning monarchs of Europe who currently carry that title are the monarchs of Belgium, Luxembourg, and Spain. Historically, this title is often used to refer to the Catholic monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. And that is how you will see it used in secular history books.

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