The conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert was the white rat.
The unconditioned stimulus in the case of Little Albert was the loud noise created by striking a metal bar with a hammer behind his head, causing fear and distress in the child.
Classical conditioning - where a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus (food) through repeated pairings, leading to a learned response. In this case, the dog's salivating to the bell is a conditioned response.
Little Hans was a case study by Freud. It involved a child who was afraid of horses. You are probably confusing it with Little Albert, a study by Watson and Rayner. In this study, a loud bar was clanged when Albert approached a white rat. This is not classical conditioning, but operant conditioning, as the child is learning by trial and error.
The number of paired comparisons possible with 9 stimulus objects can be calculated using the formula n(n-1)/2, where n is the number of objects. In this case, with 9 stimulus objects, the number of paired comparisons possible would be 36.
The proximal stimulus is found in the immediate environment surrounding a person or object. It refers to the physical characteristics of stimuli that directly affect our sensory receptors, such as light waves hitting the retina in the case of vision or sound waves interacting with the ear for hearing.
The unconditioned stimulus in the case of Little Albert was the loud noise created by striking a metal bar with a hammer behind his head, causing fear and distress in the child.
No, you are probably thinking of classical/pavlovian/respondent conditioning. This is when a conditioned stimulus, in this situation it would be the keeper, comes to signal the occurrence of a second unconditioned stimulus, in this case being fed.
Classical conditioning - where a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus (food) through repeated pairings, leading to a learned response. In this case, the dog's salivating to the bell is a conditioned response.
There were many ethical problems with the Little Albert study. Firstly, it was clearly a case of harm to the participant. Albert was consistently made to experience a loud clanging, and ultimately it drove him to feel extreme fear. Secondly, there was not informed consent as Albert was still very young. Thirdly, the right to withdraw was under question as, even as Albert became distressed with the experiment, it continued.
Genie David Reimer Little Albert Little Hans (Freud) Phineas Gage Clive Wearing HM (Henry Molaison) These are probably the most famouse case study examples - all are covered in a book by Geoff Rolls: Classic case studies in psychology' published by Hodder UK
Albert L. Cobb has written: 'The \\' -- subject(s): Case studies, Murder, Prosecution
The number of paired comparisons possible with 9 stimulus objects can be calculated using the formula n(n-1)/2, where n is the number of objects. In this case, with 9 stimulus objects, the number of paired comparisons possible would be 36.
Little Hans was a case study by Freud. It involved a child who was afraid of horses. You are probably confusing it with Little Albert, a study by Watson and Rayner. In this study, a loud bar was clanged when Albert approached a white rat. This is not classical conditioning, but operant conditioning, as the child is learning by trial and error.
Albert Herrenknecht has written: 'Provinzleben' -- subject(s): Case studies, City and town life, Youth centers
Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment the tone of a bell was the natural stimulus, and it caused salivating in response to food. Eventually the tone of the bell would produce salivating.
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