No, Sunnis do not believe that all caliphs should be descendants of Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law. Instead, Sunnis maintain that the caliph can be chosen from among the Muslim community as a leader, emphasizing consensus and community approval. This belief contrasts with Shia Islam, which holds that leadership should remain within the family of the Prophet, specifically through Ali and his descendants.
muhammads caliphs
yes
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Shiites.
None of the 5 rightly-guided caliphs were Ali's sons as they were too young. The first caliph after Muhammad (peace be upon him) died was his best friend and long-term supporter Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him)
The first four Caliphs are the most trusted followers of the holy Prophet (SAW) who were elected by the majority vote of the holy Companions RA of the holy Prophet (SAW). For this they are called the Khulafai Rashideen.
There was no rule of caliphs in ancient Rome. The caliphs emerged after the fall of Rome
None. Caliphs came to power in the Medieval Period. As for the Medieval period, the Caliphs were the leaders of the Muslim Empires called Caliphates. The four first Caliphs were called the Rightly-Guided Caliphs and they also had some religious authority in Islam. Because of the barbarity of the Umayyad Caliphs, the religious authority left the Caliphs and vested in the local Imams. Religious authority would return to the Caliphs in the mid-1500s in the Ottoman Empire until Atatürk abolished the Caliphate in 1936.
Ali was the last of the Orthodox caliphs.
The 1st Caliph of the Islamic Empire after the Prophet Muhammad's (saw) death was Abu Bakr. Sunni: They believe that the first 4 Caliphs were the Rashidun Caliphs (Rightly Guided), and that they were the righteous Caliphs.Shi'a: They believe that Abu Bakr shouldn't have been the Caliph, as it should have been Ali ibn Abu Talib.I hope you got the answer you were looking for here!
Hazrat Ali RAU was the Fourth and last Rashidoon Caliphs.
Yes. The Caliphs are the political successors to Muhammad.