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It's a complex question, though, because it has a very, very long history.

I'm going to take this question on from a historical perspective, drawing from what I've read by prominent historians, theologians, and the actual texts from the Reformation era themselves. This is by no means the definitive answer to this question, though I assure you it will be more informative than talking about Jesus and rockets.... (And I'm 100% certain that Protestants still believe that Mary was virgin mother of Jesus.)

Ideally, Catholic and Protestant sects of Christianity shouldn't really "hate" each other, but there's been a long history of "bad blood" between them--of course, I say that with strong, punning irony, because one of the largest disagreements between Catholic and Protestant doctrine concerns transubstantiation (the believe that, in the Eucharist, the bread and wine offered truly become the blood and body of Christ, not simply a symbol.)

"Catholic" literally translates to mean "universal," so when it was applied during Martin Luther's time 15th century Europe, it meant that there was one universal, undivided Christian religion under which the Pope ruled at the Vatican. Martin Luther, who would later become the leader of the Protestant movement, "protested" against quite a few doctrines and practices of the Catholic church, like the selling of indulgences and pardons, denying priests the rights to marry, transubstantiation, etc. In the beginning, Martin Luther claimed that he wanted to reform the Catholic church, not break away from it. But he focused primarily on the ways in which some Catholic doctrine was not supported by scripture, but rather created by men. That is why Lutherans, and many other Protestant sects of Christianity, still echo Luther's central cant, sola fide sola scriptura. Translating to mean "Faith Alone, Scripture Alone," Luther believed that it was only through following the scripture of the Bible and faith in "the Word," and no other outside doctrine, that one could truly lead a Christian life.

The Catholic church, who received much financial support from the selling of indulgences and employing pardoners and begging friars, etc., sought to quell the uprising that would soon be labeled "Protestant." Luther pointed out--and convincingly so--the greed and corruption of the Catholic church at the time, nailing Ninety-Five Theses to the wall to "call them out on it," as it were.

Eventually, the notion of "Catholic" as universal subsided, and Christianity began to break into sects, or denominations, like we have today. Transubstantiation still remains, to my knowledge, at least, one of the major areas of debate amongst practicing Christians of all denominations. Even some Lutheran sects, as I have observed, believe that the Eucharist literally transforms the bread and wine into the actual body and blood of Christ. Others, however, follow more closely to Luther's texts, which claim that the bread and wine are symbols of the body and blood of Christ. Many jokes--often derogatory--are aimed at sects of Christians who practice transubstantiation, the most common punch line being that they are "cannibals" who "eat the body of their savor and drink his blood." Myq Kaplan, a Last Comic Standing, for example, uses this joke quite frequently.

Also, a major difference that has been part of the historical conflict between the two sects concerns the issues of saints, confession and repentance. In Catholic tradition, one may pray to the saints to speak on their behalf to God, or one may visit a Priest. It is through these mediums that one speaks to God. In several protestant denominations, this practice is dismissed and, in some more severe sects, even considered idolatrous. Many protestant sects also do not practice confession with Priests, but instead instructed to confess directly to God. I'm not certain if sainthood and confession are still as staunchly practiced in contemporary Catholic churches today or not, but Foucault has some interesting reflections on Confession and the Inquisition in The History of Sexuality.

There's so much more to this answer, and there's a long history in the English-speaking world of feuds between Catholics and Protestants both within the same country and across nations. Lots of blood shed and social injustices on both sides. The English, for example, have a long history of tension between protestant faith and the Catholic church. After Henry VIII split from the Catholic church and created the Church of England (Anglicanism), despite his earlier support of the Catholic church and critiques of Luther, there followed many gruesome conflicts between Anglicans and Catholics within England itself, but also among their neighbors in Scotland and Ireland. Again, so much history here, and much of it violent and done for political gain. There are some great books out on the subject, but I also highly suggest picking up text from the Reformation time period--especially Luther's Ninety-Five Theses and its critical responses from the Vatican. I believe there are even detailed transcripts of Luther's trial available!

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