The "power" of the Catholic Church consists entirely in the holiness of its individual people and the conforming themselves to the love of God. Thus the power of the Church grows in the presence of its saints, especially when it is under persecution. Look at the Church in Ireland when it was illegal to be a Catholic, or in Poland. The power of the Church grows under oppression, when people have to fight for their beliefs. Satan usually wins out when people grow comfortable and conform themselves to the culture around them. In modern times, we see the saints of the Church in Padre Pio, John Paul II, John XXIII, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, etc.
The church increased its secular power through various means, including alliances with powerful rulers, land ownership, and the ability to levy taxes and control education. The church's influence over society and its role as a unifying force also contributed to its increased secular power.
In the Middle Ages, life revolved around the local church. Markets, festivals and religious ceremonies all took place there.
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In the context of the medieval church, "secular" refers to aspects of life and society that are not religious or ecclesiastical in nature. This includes the temporal authority of kings and governments, as opposed to the spiritual authority of the church. While the church wielded significant power during this period, secular matters pertained to everyday governance, law, and social order, often leading to tensions between religious and secular authorities.
The Defensor Pacis, or Defender of the Peace, was the first exposition of political philosophy that subordinates the church to secular power since the beginning of the Christian Era. The document was written by Marsilius Padua.
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The Methodist Church was founded by John Wesley in the 1550-1940 when the church retreats from secular power and continues to fragment. John Wesley believed that the people should carry god and the church though out their lives and day.
You would be better asking what secular movement did not criticize the Catholic Church, the list would be a lot shorter.
The government should remain secular to ensure separation of church and state.
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They submerged their own morality to increase the power of the church.
The Treaty called the Concordat of Worms (1122) gave the church sole power to appoint bishops and abbots in the Holy Roman Empire. It resolved the Investiture Controversy, a power struggle between the papacy and secular rulers over the appointment of church officials.