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AnswerEstimates of the number of Jews in the Roman Empire in the first century vary, with 4 to 5 million being commonly accepted. There were Jews, whether converts or of Palestinian origin, in places such as Egypt, Cyprus, Syria, Asia Minor and Rome.

Judaism was widely respected and Jews were generally free from persecution, in spite of a long history of rebellion and insurrection. Significant number of pagans, particularly in the eastern empire, were "God-fearers". These were people who sought to worship all the gods for fear that, if they offended even one god, then calamity could befall them. Many "God-fearers" made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to worship the Jewish God, contributing quite significantly to the fortunes of the Temple and the prosperity of Judea.
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