In each generation the teachers of Judaism are the Rabbis. A Rabbi is somebody who has learned the Torah and Talmud and Code of Law in detail and also lives an exemplary Jewish pious life. To become a Rabbi, a person needs to be tested by another Rabbi, who will then give him permission to be a Rabbi. For more about Rabbis go to http://www.answers.com/topic/rabbi
They were called rabbis meaning teacher or learned one.
Rabbis.
The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible).
They're called Rabbis.
Jewish; or religious Jews.
A Rabbi or a Cantor (or anyone for that matter) can interpret and teach the laws of Judaism.
Halakhah (הלכה) which means "the way"
Yes there are still religious groups called the Rightouse like Christianity and Judaism, or Islam.
Sounds like a Zen koan. In Judaism, a Jew is fully a member of the Jewish people if he/she was born Jewish, or had a valid conversion into Judaism. Religious Judaism holds that a Jew can most fully express and nurture their Judaism by living according to the Torah. This is called by several names: religious Judaism; Torah-Judaism; Orthodox Judaism.
A practitioner of Judaism is called a Jew. A Jewish religious authority is called a rabbi.
The Jewish religious teachers are Rabbis.
Jewish law is called 'halacha'.