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The Babylonian Captivity began in 586 BCE when the Babylonian Empire, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, conquered Jerusalem and exiled a significant portion of the Jewish population to Babylon. This period of exile lasted until 539 BCE, when Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and issued a decree allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple. The return of the exiles and the rebuilding efforts mark the end of the Captivity.

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