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Evidence suggesting that Islam's leadership weakened under the caliphs includes the emergence of regional rivalries and sectarian divisions, particularly during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. The caliphs often struggled to maintain control over vast territories, leading to the rise of local governors and factions that undermined central authority. Additionally, the increasing influence of non-Arab Muslims and the growing discontent among various groups, such as the Shiites and Kharijites, further fragmented the unity of the Islamic state. These factors collectively contributed to a decline in the cohesive leadership initially established after Muhammad's death.

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